盆山沉积耦合原理在定量恢复造山带隆升剥蚀过程中的应用

造山带的隆升剥蚀过程研究一直是地学界研究的热点和难点,而与造山带毗邻的沉积盆地则真实地记录了造山带隆升剥蚀演化历史。因此,通过对沉积盆地中沉积物的研究可以反演山地隆升剥蚀历史。基于这种思路,介绍了两种定量恢复造山带隆升剥蚀的方法,即裂变径迹热年代学方法和质量平衡法。前者利用样品碎屑单颗粒的裂变径迹年龄的统计分析确定其源区,并量化源区的抬升剥露及热演化历史,但要求对样品的沉积时代有很好的年代学控制,沉积后样品没有遭受热重置。后者则假定在一定时间间隔内,盆山耦合系统中物源区的地形变化总和与沉积区的碎屑沉积质量总和成正比,即隆升过程中产生侵蚀总量与毗邻盆地的沉积总量之间质量守恒,从而通过研究盆地中相应时间段的沉积总量、沉积速度来定量恢复古地形,反演造山带的演化,但盆山系统的界定以及地层定年的精度直接影响到恢复造山带隆升剥蚀过程的可靠性。     

上新世——早更新世青藏高原北缘隆升的磁性地层学证据

对新疆叶城剖面西域砾岩及下伏第三纪地层的磁性地层学研究表明 ,西域砾岩的沉积时代为晚上新世至早更新世 ,磁性地层年龄为 3.5至 <1.8Ma。阿图什组沉积于早上新世 ,古地磁年龄为 4 .6～ 3.5 Ma。阿图什组以砂岩和粉砂岩为主夹薄层砾岩 ,为河流相及冲积扇前缘相。西域砾岩以厚层砾岩为主夹风成粉砂岩 ,为典型洪积—冲积扇堆积。西域砾岩的沉积反映了青藏高原北缘晚上新世至早更新世强烈的隆起和剥蚀     

Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Rapidly Loaded Plate Anchors in Soft Clay

Plate anchors are extensively used in civil engineering constructions as they provide an economical alternative to gravity and other embedded anchors. The rate of loading is one of the important factors that affects the magnitude of soil resistance as well as soil suction force. This article outlines the effect of pullout rate on uplift behavior of plate anchors (70 mm diameter) buried in soft saturated clay by varying the pullout rate from 1.4 mm/min to 21.0 mm/min. The variation of breakout force and suction force with embedment depth and rate of pull are presented. A correlation between the rate of increase of undrained strength of clay and anchor capacity with rate of strain has been established. Finally an empirical equation has been proposed that includes the rate of pull in the estimation of breakout capacity of anchors.     

GEOCHRONOMETRY & ISOTOPE GEOLOGY

正20141655 Gao Linzhi(Institute of Geology,CAGS,Beijing 100037,China);Ding Xiaozhong The Revision of the Chentangwu Formation in Neoproterozoic Stratigraphic Column:Constraints on Zircon U-Pb Dating of Tuff from the Mengshan Section in Pujiang County,Zhejiang Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.988-995,5 illus.,1 plate,2 tables,24 refs.)     

关于1937年菏泽7级地震成因的探讨

本文以三维空间角度，从菏泽地震的地震构造环境、构造应力场、震源闭锁形式和地震玻裂机制等方面探讨了菏泽地震的成因。提出了断裂空间交汇闭锁模式和共轭破裂发震机制，分析了菏泽地震发生在聊考断裂的东侧、濮阳——开封上地幔隆起东翼的原因。     

气孔玄武岩古高程计:原理、方法及应用

古高程可以重建高山地区(尤其是高原)的隆升历史,可以更好地约束造山带的地球动力学过程.气孔玄武岩古高程计是通过熔岩流顶部和底部标准气孔体积比计算出古大气压,进而计算古高程的方法.该方法的研究对象是厚度为1～5m的且具有简单侵住历史的玄武质熔岩.高原隆升之前、期间和后期喷发的熔岩均可应用该方法.尽管该方法已经趋于成熟,但是国内还没有任何报道.对其基本原理、研究方法与应用做了详细的综述,并探讨了该方法在青藏高原和中国东部高原应用的潜力.     

Post‐Palaeozoic uplift history of southeastern Australia revisited: Results from a process‐based model of landscape evolution

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely relied upon as representations of the Earth's topographic morphology. The most widely used global DEMs available are ETOPO5, TerrainBase and JGP95E at a 5‐arc‐minute spatial resolution, and the GTOPO30 and GLOBE (version 1) global DEMs at a 30‐arc‐second spatial resolution. This paper presents the results of intercomparisons of these global DEMs over Australia, and with the GEODATA 9‐arc‐second DEM (version 1) of Australia. These DEMs were also compared to an independently produced, altimeter‐derived orthometric height database. This allows not only a totally independent assessment of the quality of these different DEMs over Australia, but also an insight into the ERS‐1 radar altimeter's ability to measure orthometric heights on land. The results of all these comparisons reveal large differences among the DEMs, with the greatest difference between JGP95E and ETOPO5 (mean 49 m, standard deviation ±274 m). The comparison with the altimeter‐derived database shows good agreement with the version 1 GEODATA DEM (mean 2 m, standard deviation ±27 m), thus demonstrating that the altimeter is a viable method for quality assessment of DEMs in lowland regions. A further conclusion is that the representation of the Australian land surface in both the JGP95E and TerrainBase global DEMs is more accurate than the higher resolution GLOBE (version 1) global DEM, even though JGP95E displays a disparity along the 140°E meridian because of the different data sources used in its construction.     

黄河源区新构造运动对生态环境恶化的影响

基于黄河源区1：25万生态环境地质调查新获得的大量实际资料,通过分析和研究发现,黄河源区早更新世一中更新世处于走滑伸展的大陆动力学背景,在整体隆升中,形成断块山与拉分盆地,湖泊广布;晚更新世,大陆动力学机制过渡为挤压收缩,在整体抬升中,断块山显著崛起,湖盆萎缩、变形;全新世,大陆动力学环境反转为走滑挤压,持续隆升,黄河扩展源头到达本区,扎陵湖、鄂陵湖外泄,闭流盆地水环境转向开放。近代,特别是20世纪70年代以来,新构造活化与寒冻风化岩屑坡扩大、沙质荒漠化蔓延、湖泊和沼泽湿地萎缩、区域地下水位下降、源区黄河频繁断流、生态环境日益恶化响应关系密切。因此,新构造运动在黄河源区生态环境恶化中起主导作用,而其他因素则起到促进与加速的作用。     

塔中北斜坡碳酸盐岩岩溶储层油气差异富集特征

塔中北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶储层基本为低孔低渗储层,主要的储集空间为溶蚀孔、洞和断裂活动产生的裂缝。储层呈现“横向连片,纵向分层”特点,优质储层主要呈层状叠合分布在不整合面下0~200m范围内的垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。岩溶储层具有大面积、多储集段含油气的特点,平面上整体表现为“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征。鹰山组直接盖层良3—5段致密灰岩平面上具有“东厚西薄,北厚南薄”的分布特点,剖面上呈现“块状分布,横向相连,纵向叠置”的展布特征。鹰山组内部多套高阻层相互叠置,与下伏含油气层构成良好的配置关系,形成一套或多套储盖组合,控制油气的分层聚集。塔中北斜坡发育着一系列NE向左行走滑断裂,以之为边界,可以分为若干个构造区块。区块内油气水正常分异,相对高的部位聚集油气、低部位出水。块体内部油气多富集在距主干走滑断裂0.5~4.0km范围内。      

北祁连山晚中新世以来的隆升历史——来自河道高程剖面的约束

北祁连山作为青藏高原隆升与扩展的最前缘,一直以来都是研究的热点。本研究为弥补活动构造与热年代学方法时间尺度上难以链接的不足及提供青藏高原扩展隆升机制相关证据,利用河流水力侵蚀模型的方法模拟得出北祁连山河道陡峭指数与部分河流地质隆升历史。结果揭示出北祁连山河道陡峭指数与距断裂的距离存在显著关系,且具有从中间向东西两侧减小的特征,表现出北祁连山隆升速率大致也呈现自中向两侧减慢的特征;并通过分析处于北祁连山非沉积区白杨河、洪水坝河、丰乐河、马营河、大渚马河及洪水河这6条流域的地质隆升历史,发现在4 Ma左右,北祁连山隆升速率逐渐增加,且隆升速率大致在0.20~0.38 mm/a之间。直到0.6~1.0 Ma,隆升速率迅速加快,呈现陡增的趋势。因此,北祁连山的构造隆升并不是均匀的,而是随时间发生变化的。