Modeling diagnosis of suspended sediment transport in tidal estuarine system

A three-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamic and suspended sediment transport model was performed and applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in northern Taiwan. The model was validated with observed time-series salinity in 2001, and with salinity and suspended sediment distributions in 2002. The predicted results quantitatively agreed with the measured data. A local turbidity maximum was found in the bottom water of the Kuan-Du station. The validated model then was conducted with no salinity gradient, no sediment supply from the sediment bed, wind stress, and different freshwater discharges from upstream boundaries to comprehend the influences on suspended sediment dynamics in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The results reveal that concentrations of the turbidity maximum simulated without salinity gradient are higher than those of the turbidity maximum simulated with salinity gradient at the Kuan-Du station. Without bottom resuspension process, the estuarine turbidity maximum zone at the Kuan-Du station vanishes. This suggests that bottom sediment resuspension is a very important sediment source to the formation of estuarine turbidity maximum. The wind stress with northeast and southwest directions may contribute to decrease the suspended sediment concentration. When the freshwater discharges increase at the upstream boundaries, the limits of salt intrusion pushes downriver toward river mouth. Suspended sediment concentrations increase at the upriver reaches in the Danshuei River to Tahan Stream, while decrease at Kuan-Du station.     

珠江口滨海湿地生态环境退化分析

2007和2008年秋季对珠江口滨海湿地进行了2个航次的现状调查,并选择了6条代表性断面进行现场观测和样品采集.结果显示:珠江口滨海湿地的水质污染严重,主要受化学需氧量和生化需氧量的污染,沉积物主要受铜、锌、镉、砷的污染较为严重,特别是铜污染,而且磨刀门断面很有可能存在镉污染源;高等植物主要分布在自然保护区和湿地公园,且以红树林为主;底栖生物多样性不高,均匀度一般.珠江口滨海湿地退化主要表现为天然湿地面积减少、湿地生产力不断下降和湿地环境状况持续恶化等.退化的主要原因是滩涂开发与围填海、污染物大量排放和过度捕捞与养殖等.     

灌河口潮汐不对称数值模拟研究

建立灌河口平面二维潮流数字模型,并在灌河口口门至陈家港河段沿程布置5个采样点和3个横向断面,通过对各采样点一个月数值模拟结果进行调和分析,得出灌河口M2分潮及其主要倍潮的基本特征,然后利用潮位-流速关系图及通过对动量方程中各项的统计计算,研究了灌河口潮波运动的基本动力平衡、M2的主要倍潮的产生机制及其对潮汐不对称现象的影响。研究认为:灌河口潮汐潮流均属正规半日潮型。M4、M6分潮对于灌河口潮波变形有着重要的影响,M8分潮除在浅滩处外对潮汐不对称的影响很小。在深槽处M4分潮导致最大落(涨)潮流速减小(增大),最大涨(落)潮流速与最高(低)潮位之间的相位差增大。M6分潮的影响与M4基本一致,但其作用明显小于M4分潮。在浅滩处M4分潮导致最大涨落潮流速均大于M2分潮的值,M6和M8分潮使最大涨落潮流速均出现在高潮位附近,但M6、M8使最大涨潮流速减小,而使最大落潮流速增大。外海边界处倍潮波的传入对于口门附近的潮汐不对称有一定影响。M4和M6分潮导致灌河口的潮汐不对称表现为涨潮主导型,潮波运动主要受到压强梯度力、非线性对流和底摩擦力,三者与局地惯性力构成灌河口的基本动力平衡,摩擦力并不是最重要的作用力。     

海平面上升对长江口三岛影响的预测研究

根据国际权威机构ＩＰＣＣ １９９０年对２１世纪全球海平面上升的最佳估计值和本区地壳沉降速率以及地面沉降趋势,确定下一世纪长江口相对海平面上升１．０ｍ左右。在此基础上,预测了相对海面上升对海岸工程,交通水利设施湿地损失,洪涝灾害及盐水入侵的影响。     

Bar and dune development during a freshet: Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia, Canada

Bi-weekly multi-track sonar surveys collected along a 2-km reach of the estuarine South Arm of the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, during seasonal high flows document the initiation, development and interaction of dune and bar morphologies. Bedforms of several scales developed in well-delineated fields. Bedforms that appear to fit accepted equilibrium depth-scaling developed in the main channel during rising discharge when there was little local aggradation. During the rising stage, a bar also formed along the tidal shelf of the channel, migrated downstream and expanded into the main channel. Dunes that formed along the bar crest, a region of rapid deposition, lagged flow conditions and were larger than expected based on depth-scaling relations. The larger dunes developed simultaneously, although bar growth lagged dune development and was initially partially obscured by the more rapidly developing dune field. It appears that rapid deposition enhances dune development along the channel tidal shelf to dimensions larger than would be expected by simple depth-scaling rules. Smaller dunes that fit equilibrium depth-scaling relations re-established themselves throughout the study area during falling discharge when there was again little or no aggradation. Bed-material transport rates estimated from the migration rates of the large dunes suggest that, at high flows, the dunes transport the majority of the material found within the bar.     

Impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor in estuarine intertidal flats

In estuarine sediment flats benthic macroinvertebrates are intensively consumed by a variety of predators, such as aquatic birds and nekton (mostly fish and crustaceans). However, there is still a lack of conclusive studies that evaluate if this predation has a relevant impact on the populations of those invertebrates, which are a key element of the estuarine food chain. In the Tagus estuary we experimentally tested and quantified the impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, one of the most important prey for a variety of predators in many estuaries. Using an exclusion experiment, we compared the seasonal variation in the densities of H. diversicolor from February to November in sediment plots (1) available to both bird and nekton predators, (2) just to nekton, and (3) without predators. We also followed changes in the abundance of potential predators throughout the study. The lowest densities were systematically observed in the plots accessible to all predators, followed by those which excluded just birds, and finally by those that excluded all predators. The exclosures were in place for 9 months, at the end of which the average density of H. diversicolor in the plots protected from all predators was eight times greater than in those without any protection. These results demonstrate that predation had a major impact on the densities of H. diversicolor. The relative importance of bird and nekton predation varied along the study, and this seems to be determined by different peaks of abundance of the two types of predators. However, when present in high densities, birds and nekton seem to have a similar impact on H. diversicolor. Our results suggest that predation is a key factor on the population dynamics of H. diversicolor. In addition, the levels of predation that we observed suggest that this polychaete can be a limited resource, and this could have major ecological consequences for predators for which it is a key prey.     

海岸河口泥沙数学模型研究进展

对海岸河口泥沙运动的基本方程、数值方法、边界条件、参数选取等进行了归纳总结和评述,以期对本学科的发展起到一定的引导和促进作用。     

Electrochemical behavior of Al—basic sacrificial anode at estuary

The Al—basic sacrificial anode is widely used to protect steel construction from corrosion in seawater, but is not suitable for protecting steel in freshwater. In the estuary area, seawater and freshwater mix and different seawater salinity can be formed in different mixing sites between freshwater and seawater. Based on the requirements of the Shengli Petroleum Administrative Bureau of China, the effect of seawater salinity on electrochemical properties of Al—basic anode was studied under laboratory conditions by the method given in National Standard GB 4948-85 (China Starndard Bureau, 1985). No obvious effect was found when seawater salinity was 30 to 10, but obvious effect on anodic open circuit potential, closed circuit potential and current efficiency was found when seawater salinity was 5. These values are lower than those given in the National Standard. Contribution No. 2681 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This study is a major project (Ky85-11-5) and a key project (A14920416) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and also received support from the Shengli Oil Field.     

The satellite reversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) based on the analysis of the mixing behavior of DOC and colored dissolved organic matter: the East China Sea as an example

The retrieval of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) distribution by remote sensing is mainly based on the empirical relationship of DOC concentration and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration in many literatures. To investigate the nature of this relationship, the distributions and mixing behaviors of DOC and CDOM are reviewed in the world’s major estuaries and bays. It is found that, generally, the CDOM concentration is well correlated with the salinity in most estuaries, while DOC usually shows a nonconservative behavior which leads to a weak correlation between the DOC concentration and the CDOM concentration. To establish a good satellite reversion of the DOC concentration, the East China Sea(ECS) was taken as an example, and the mixing behavior of DOC and CDOM as well as the influence of biogeochemical processes were analyzed except for the physical mixing process with the data from late autumn (November, 2010) and winter (December, 2009) cruises. In the two ECS cruises, the CDOM concentration was found to be tightly correlated with the salinity, influenced little by the photochemical or biological processes. The data from the winter cruise show that DOC followed a conservative mixing along the salinity gradient, while in the late autumn cruise it was significantly affected by the biological activities, resulting in a poor correlation between the DOC and the CDOM. Accordingly, an improved DOC algorithm (CSDM) was proposed: when the biological influence was significant (Chl a greater than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), DOC was retrieved by the conservative and biological model, and if the conservative mixing was dominant (Chl a less than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), the direct DOC concentration and CDOM concentration relationship was used. Based on the proposed algorithm, a reasonable DOC distribution for the ECS from satellite was obtained in this study, and the proposed method can be applied to the other large river-dominant marginal sea.     

珠江口海岸带沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属生物毒效性研究

对珠江口淇澳岛附近2个站(QA-2、QA-5)柱状沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和同步提取重金属(SEM)的垂直分布规律进行了研究。研究表明,AVS在2个站沉积物中的质量摩尔浓度分别为3.44～13.13μmol/g和11.67～15.39μmol/g。QA-2站沉积物中AVS的质量摩尔浓度随深度增加,QA-5站AVS的质量摩尔浓度垂直剖面上没有明显的变化趋势,反映了不同沉积环境对AVS质量摩尔浓度分布特征的影响。2个站的SEM的质量摩尔浓度在沉积物垂直剖面上都随深度增加逐渐减小,这是因为珠江三角洲工业和城市的发展、污染物排放增加导致了重金属在沉积物中的累积。QA-2站表层沉积物(0～5 cm)SEM/AVS>1,表明可能存在重金属的生物毒效应;同时,SEM中Cu和Cd的质量摩尔浓度超过了它们的重金属浓度阈值(TEL),有可能产生重金属毒性作用;QA-2站5 cm以下和QA-5站沉积柱中SEM/AVS<1,不存在重金属的生物毒效性。