基于累计机会可达性的北京城市公共服务设施复合功能识别

城市时空大数据技术的快速发展和应用,为城市功能区识别提供了新的数据基础和技术手段,但专门关于城市公共服务设施复合功能的研究还相对较少。基于北京市9大类公共服务设施的空间点数据,综合考虑不同类型公共服务设施等级和品质特征,采用累计机会方法对1 km×1 km格网尺度的北京城市公共服务设施可达性进行了综合评价,在此基础上重点分析了北京城市公共服务设施复合功能特征与影响因素。研究表明：① 北京城市公共服务设施累计机会空间分布存在明显的中心集聚特征,但不同类型公共服务设施的空间分布模式和覆盖范围却有所区别;② 北京城市公共服务设施功能区可以划分为单一功能、单一化的复合功能、2种复合功能、3种复合功能和均衡化的复合功能等5大类型;③ 人口密度、距市中心距离、土地价格和经营性为主设施的累计机会可达性是影响北京城市公共服务设施复合功能的重要因素。研究结论对进一步细化城市功能区研究和促进北京城市公共服务设施空间结构优化具有科学启示作用。     

低轨卫星导航增强系统精密星历设计方法研究

在研究GRACE、SWARM等10余颗低轨卫星轨道特性的基础上,对低轨卫星列表型精密星历的采样间隔和内插方法进行分析,并根据用户需求,设计效率优先和精度优先2种精密星历方案。结果显示,低轨卫星轨道高度对采样间隔和内插方法有显著影响,针对3 cm和10 cm轨道精度要求,通过合理设计轨道可将星历文件占用存储空间压缩99%以上。     

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煤矿区景观演变的生态累积效应——以山西省潞安矿区为例

基于累积效应原理和景观分析原则,提出了景观生态基准值概念,利用景观类型结构偏离累积度、景观格局干扰累积度和生态敏感性退化累积度构建了煤矿区景观生态累积效应表征模型。以山西潞安矿区为例,将1993年作为采前景观生态基准,在对矿区景观(1993年~2000年~2006年)分析的基础上,对矿区景观演变所造成的生态累积效应进行分析。结果发现,在13年的时间内,景观空间累积负荷呈现明显增强的趋势。2000年之后人类干扰活动的增强,使得阶段2(2000年~2006年)的变化幅度明显高于第1阶段(1993年~2000年)。同时由于不同区域煤炭资源开发等人类活动干扰强度不同,使得不同分区的累积度存在一定的区域差异。     

利用深度学习进行GF-6影像枣园检测识别

针对新疆南疆大规模枣园的检测识别,本文提出了一种基于泛化迁移深度学习的枣园目标检测识别方法。以GF-6卫星影像数据为基础制作了Jujube数据集,并将其泛化扩充增强;以Faster R-CNN体系为基础,利用多态协同模式实现数据集的有效关联和优化重构,进行检测识别模型的迁移深度学习以提高对目标对象检测识别的泛化能力。结果表明,模型算法的验证识别精确率、召回率和调和平均值分别达0.979、0.952和0.965,在应用测试中,3个指标平均值均大于0.929,优于传统检测方法,且本文模型方法总体分类精度为0.97,Kappa系数为0.93,均高于面向对象最邻近法,能够有效地满足研究区规模化枣园目标检测识别的精度和效率的要求,为精细化枣园田间管理提供基础依据。     

Variability patterns of the annual frequency and timing of low streamflow days across the United States and their linkage to regional and large‐scale climate

Low‐flow events can cause significant impacts to river ecosystems and water‐use sectors; as such, it is important to understand their variability and drivers. In this study, we characterise the variability and timing of annual total frequency of low‐streamflow days across a range of headwater streams within the continental United States. To quantify this, we use a metric that counts the annual number of low‐flow days below a given threshold, defined as the cumulative dry days occurrence (CDO). First, we identify three large clusters of stream gauge locations using a Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm. In terms of timing, results reveal that for most clusters, the majority of low‐streamflow days occur from the middle of summer until early fall, although several locations in Central and Western United States also experience low‐flow days in cold seasons. Further, we aim to identify the regional climate and larger scale drivers for these low‐streamflow days. Regionally, we find that precipitation deficits largely associate with low‐streamflow days in the Western United States, whereas within the Central and Eastern U.S. clusters, high temperature indicators are also linked to low‐streamflow days. In terms of larger scale, we examine sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, finding that extreme dry years exhibit a high degree of co‐occurrence with different patterns of warmer SST anomalies across the Pacific and Northern Atlantic Oceans. The linkages identified with regional climate and SSTs offer promise towards regional prediction of changing conditions of low‐streamflow events.     

Differences in soil moisture in two Middle Eastern oak forests: Comparing the effects of trees and soil composition

The incidence of large rain events in Mediterranean ecosystems vary among years. Summer aridity is interpreted as a resetting event, eliminating previous soil‐moisture dynamics. The dynamics of soil moisture and retention are critical to tree survival, particularly in dry regions. This study examines the long‐term soil water content (θ_V) dynamics in two distinct locations within the forest, under the canopy and forest clearing, within two diverse oak forests: subhumid mixed oak forests (MG) and semiarid monospecific oak woodlands (YE). Plots were established at small‐scale catchments and soil water contents were measured during 2010–2013, at three depths in the two different locations. Cumulative rainfall was used as an independent proxy for θ_V analysis. A novel bell‐bilogistic mathematical model of wetting, saturation, and drying arms was developed. We aimed to study the θ_V distribution differences between soil profiles giving the large climatic gradient between the two forested sub basins, the differences in vegetation traits along with soil attributes. We further aimed at determining the role of an individual tree in regulating soil‐moisture dynamics. We hypothesized the occurrence of distinct responses between sites in all soil‐moisture indices with higher θ_V at the wetter site. We tested the hypothesis that seasonal cumulative rainfall dictates the variations in soil‐moisture regimes throughout contiguous years. Annual rainfall was higher than long‐term average throughout the study. Soil profiles under the canopies at both sites were consistently wetter. Infiltration and depletion constants were higher at MG whereas maximum soil moisture was higher at YE. Homogenous recharge patterns were seen at MG although YE evinced more variation. Oaks had no effect on recharge at MG compared with the forest clearing. Soil properties primarily affected the wetting arm whereas vegetation composition regulated the drying arm. Mixed‐stands characterized by ever‐green and deciduous species may maintain favourable soil‐moisture conditions, in comparison with other mixed stand morphologies. The increasing role of slacking forces in infiltration process may alter the interaction between trees and herbaceous vegetation.     

雷击风险评估中损害概率PB和PSPD参数的计算分析

通过对雷击建筑物所造成建筑物及其内部系统损害原因的分析,结合《雷电防护》GB/T21714系列标准,分析得知GB/T21714.2中损害概率PB和PSPD与雷电流的概率分布和LPL（Lighfning Pretection Level,雷电防护水平）对应的雷电流极值有关。PB的数值等于雷电流大于LPL对应雷电流最大值的概率,与其小于雷电流最小值的概率之和;PSPD的数值等于雷电流大于LPL对应雷电流最大值的概率。同时指出,《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057－2010中各个LPL的损害概率PB和PSPD不应直接采用GB/T21714.2中的规定值,应根据GB50057给出的雷电流参数进行计算,或利用雷电监测网的资料,获取建筑物附近一定范围内的云地闪数据,统计得到雷电流概率分布函数,依据该雷电流概率分布函数来计算PB和PSPD。     

软土地基桶形基础循环累积变形研究

针对软土地基桶形基础在循环荷载作用下的变形问题进行研究。首先, 通过桶形基础循环模型试验获得在动、静荷载作用下地基的破坏特性。然后,从模型土池中取土样,进行不固结不排水（UU）循环三轴试验,测其循环累积应变特性,建立了累积应变与其相关因素间的关系。最后,采用有限元的方法模拟模型试验,将循环累积变形等效为蠕变,在理想弹塑性的基础上加入蠕变来计算循环荷载作用下桶形基础的变形,并与模型试验结果进行比较。结果表明,软土地基桶形基础在循环荷载作用下的变形与静力下的蠕变有相似的特点,桶形基础循环累积变形可以用等效为蠕变的方法计算。