Coastal Placer Deposits of Central Tamil Nadu, India

Placer mineral exploration has been undertaken along the beach of Central Tamil Nadu coast from Pondicherry to Vedaranyam. On the basis of the drainage network, geomorphology, and the coastal environment, the study area has been grouped into three sectors, North, Central, and South. Heavy mineral by Wt% shows a slightly higher abundance in the Northern sector, an enrichment of opaques in the Central sector from stations between Poompuhar and Karaikal, and a total depletion in the Southern sector. An abundance of heavies in the Northern sector is considered to be the result of a higher wave energy, and the cymatogenic downwarping of the basin during the present transgression. An enrichment of heavies in the Central sector from Poompuhar to Karaikal is attributable to the reworking of the beach ridges, which were submerged during the present transgression, and to the role of density sorting. A depletion of heavies in the Southern sector is accounted for by the absence of a terrigenous supply and the prevalence of wave shadow conditions throughout the year. The nature of the heavy mineral assemblage reflects the derivation of sediments principally from khondalites, granites, metamorphic rocks and paleo-sediments. Factor analysis also supplements the predominant role of a density factor in the segregation of heavy minerals in the study area. A five-stage model is proposed for the formation of placer deposits in the study region. The present study has disclosed rich concentrations of ilmenites in the central sector between Poompuhar and Karaikal that can be commercially exploited.     

台湾岛以东海域海底地形特征及其构造控制

基于2000年5~6月在台湾岛以东海域调查获得的多波束全覆盖测深等地质和地球物理资料,对该海域海底地形特征进行了研究,探讨了构造对海底地形的控制作用及其构造地质意义.研究表明,琉球岛弧岛坡区和琉球海沟表现为典型的西太平洋沟-弧-盆体系控制下的构造地形;台湾岛东部岛坡等深线近南北向平行密集排列,地形坡度大,弧陆碰撞造就了该区独特的地形特征;花东盆地海底峡谷发育,其形成主要受基底起伏和走滑断裂的控制;加瓜海脊东西两侧水深和地形特征明显不同,但其基底可能属于花东盆地,加瓜海脊的东侧对应了两个不同性质板块的边界;西菲律宾海盆表现为北西向线状脊-槽相间排列,并遭受北东向转换断层的切割,根据海底地形、转换断层和磁异常条带的方向推测,研究区海底形成于距今60~45Ma的西菲律宾海盆北东-南西向扩张期.     

Integrated methodology for determining provenance of detrital quartz using optical petrographic microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) properties

The provenance of detrital quartz is a useful predictor in frontier basin sandstone reservoirs of the availability of coarse-grained quartz grains of plutonic or high grade metamorphic origin. The standard approach is to use scanning electron microscope (SEM) panchromatic cathodoluminescence (CL) imagery and observations from an optical petrographic microscope. We describe a work flow, modified from previous literature proposals, to determine quartz provenance in detrital grains using optical petrographic microscopy and CL properties from both a hot-cathode cathodoluminescence microscope attachment (HCMA) and panchromatic SEM-CL. HCMA analysis permits better discrimination of different types of metamorphic quartz. This method is applied to a Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous section in the Bandol-1 wildcat well, located in the Laurentian sub-basin south of Newfoundland. Two types of high-grade metamorphic quartz are distinguished, one with low luminescence as described in previous literature and one with medium blue CL colour and a moderate colour shift that is also known from granulite in the hinterland. Three phases of detrital supply are identified, suggesting progressive unroofing of higher grade metamorphic sources through the middle Jurassic and major input of plutonic quartz in the early Cretaceous.     

磷灰石Eu/Y-Ce:基于大数据的源区类型判别新图解SCIEI北大核心CSCD

磷灰石广泛分布于火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩中,是一种常见的、包含丰富微量元素的副矿物。磷灰石晶格可容纳丰富的微量元素,且因其形成的物理化学条件不同会表现出差异明显的微量元素特征。利用磷灰石微量元素特征可以追踪物质来源和演化。现在常用的方法是利用磷灰石的微量元素绘制二元判别图解,经典判别图解包括Sr-Y、Sr-Mn、Y-(Eu/Eu^(*))和(Ce/Yb)_(N)-REE图解。随着微区测试技术发展,磷灰石微量元素数据日渐丰富,同时由于磷灰石化学成分的复杂性,传统图解已逐渐无法有效利用这些数据所携带的信息,进而无法准确判别其生成环境。建立能准确判别磷灰石物源的新型判别图解故而迫切。近年来,磷灰石微量元素数据的大量积累,为运用以大数据为依托,准确判别磷灰石物源奠定了数据基础。本研究将大数据技术与地球化学数据相结合,共收集整理了1925个代表性磷灰石测试点的微量元素数据,对富碱性火成岩、超镁铁质岩石、镁铁质火成岩、长英质花岗岩、中-低级变质岩、高级变质岩六种类型中磷灰石微量元素数据进行穷举端元处理,共获得7140个磷灰石物源判别图解端元组合,在轮廓系数限定下,进一步有效筛选并提取出能判别磷灰石物源类型的最优图解端元。本文构建了Eu/Y-Ce磷灰石判别新图解,相较于之前的磷灰石判别图解,其涵盖了更全面的物源类型,可以更准确地判别源区类型。     

甘肃北山地区早白垩世松柏类植物Podozamites(苏铁杉属)及其古气候意义*

Podozamites(苏铁杉属)为松柏类已灭绝的形态属,是北半球中生代植物群中的重要分子。经鉴定,甘肃北山地区早白垩世早期地层中产出的Podozamites包括Podozamites sp.(苏铁杉未定种)、Podozamites aff. distans(间离苏铁杉相似种)和Podozamites bullus(美丽苏铁杉)3个种。基于Podozamites大化石记录和古地理分布特征,结合中生代古气候分区,对该属的古气候意义进行综合分析。结果表明: 晚三叠世—中侏罗世,Podozamites数量较为丰富,主要集中分布于北半球温暖湿润气候区; 晚侏罗世—早白垩世,随着干热气候带的扩张,Podozamites丰度下降,分布区域也随温热潮湿气候区变迁而发生迁移。推测Podozamites在中生代的古地理分布主要受到温暖潮湿气候带变迁的影响,其更加适宜生存于温暖湿润的气候条件下,可作为温暖湿润气候的指示分子。     

造山带中缝合面结构特征与构造意义

缝合带是两个板块之间的分隔带,其规模和形态在不同类型的造山带中多有不同。本文从缝合带和缝合面的定义出发,以典型造山带为案例探讨缝合面的变形及其对造山带结构解析、沉积盆地性质判别的影响。俯冲阶段的主滑脱面是一个没有厚度的应变带,在碰撞后又作为增生杂岩的底界得以保留。这一界面严格区分了上盘和下盘沉积盆地之间的物源亲缘性,因而将之定义作为缝合面可有效帮助解析造山带不同位置盆地的性质。蛇绿岩带、高压变质岩带和大型断裂等线状要素仅能用以大致限定缝合带的位置,而不能用以精确限定缝合面的位置。不同于俯冲阶段相对平直的主滑脱面,缝合面的形态可以在碰撞过程中、甚至碰撞后被逆冲推覆和走滑所改造。在阿尔卑斯、喜马拉雅、东准噶尔等典型造山带中,缝合面都经历了向着前陆方向的远距离推覆及褶皱变形,这一变形的缝合面经历风化剥蚀过程后,在地表的形态呈复杂的指状交叉的特征,甚至由于飞来峰和构造窗的出现而呈现多个出露点。而在双向俯冲系统中,缝合面天然具有Z型的特征,经历后期变形后其形态会更加复杂。在苏鲁-大别造山带,多期次的后期变形叠加在早期的线状缝合面之上,特别是走滑断裂将包括缝合面在内的造山带切割为不连续的断夹块,极大地改造了缝合面在地表的出露形态。综上,在解析造山带结构,特别是进行沉积大地构造研究时,缝合面的复杂形态必须要得到重视。错误的缝合面位置可能造成错误盆地性质判断。     

都龙锡锌矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义

都龙锡锌超大型矿床是中国第三大锡石硫化物矿床,其中的绿泥石化相当普遍,并与矿化关系密切。本文在岩矿鉴定基础上,利用电子探针对绿泥石进行了微区化学成分研究。研究结果表明,该矿床绿泥石为富铁种属的假鳞绿泥石、鲕绿泥石、蠕绿泥石(铁绿泥石)及铁镁绿泥石,指示形成于还原环境;绿泥石为泥质岩或铁镁质岩受热液交代蚀变的产物,绿泥石结构的离子置换主要体现为Fe对Mg的置换,反映其形成与含铁建造有关;绿泥石的形成温度为231～304℃,平均为269℃,属于中-低温范围。绿泥石的形成机制主要表现为溶蚀-结晶、溶蚀-迁移-沉淀结晶2种。绿泥石可能与锡成矿同期形成,其与矿石矿物的生成关系表明,燕山期岩浆活动对都龙矿床的叠加改造作用显著。     

Biogenic Sediments and Their Paleoceanographic Implication in West Pacific Warm Pool during the Pleistocene

Primary productivity has played an important role in the global carbon cycle during the Quaternary. The average Corg/N ratio was 7.0 from the core MD97-2140 in the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) over the last 1 755 ka, which indicates a main contribution of marine organic carbon to the organic matter in the sediments. Large fluctuations in mass accumulation rates (MARs) of biogenics and lithogenics from this core since the marine isotope stage (MIS) 6 reflected the moderate variability in oceanographic condi...     

Textural and geochemical characteristics of the Ajali Sandstone,Anambra Basin,SE Nigeria: Implication for its provenance

This study presents the mineralogical, textural and geochemical characteristics of the regional Maastrichtian Ajali Sandstone in Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria. The intent is to highlight possible constraints on the chemical weathering conditions of the source materials on one hand, and to infer the provenance on the other hand. The investigation approach involved field studies and collection of samples from 12 different outcrop locations, followed by laboratory studies involving grain-size analysis (GSA), major and trace elements analyses using the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method as well as thin section petrography. Field studies show that the sandstones are friable at all locations and range in color from white in freshly cut stone, to reddish brown on weathering. In addition, the sandstone units are cross-bedded and show graded bedding exemplified by fining upward sequence. Textural examination indicates that the sandstones range from fine to medium sands, constituting about 76 to 99% sand fraction, with graphic mean grain size of 0.23 to 0.53 mm. Standard deviation (sorting) ranges from 0.56 to 1.24 Ø and implies moderately well sorted sediments. Inferred from the textural indices, the depo-environmental discrimination of the Ajali Sandstone revealed a fluvial/river system-dominated sedimentary process. The sandstones are quartz arenite with quartz greater than 90% and less than 5% K-feldspar which indicate a predominant basement source as also revealed by the heavy mineral assemblages. In addition, major elemental oxides shows SiO₂ content greater than 96% for the fresh Ajali Sandstone samples with extreme depletion of mobile oxides such as Na₂O, CaO and the ferromagnesian minerals through weathering and sedimentary processes. Provenance and tectonic setting discrimination using geochemical data and compositional maturity revealed typical felsic igneous-dominated cratonic environment while inter-elemental ratios (such as Zr/Cr, Y/Ni, Th/Sc, La/Sc and La/Co) and ternary plots (e.g. Th–Sc–Zr; La-Th–Sc and Th-Co-Zr) reflect passive continental margin setting for the Ajali Sandstone. Consequently, the source area is constrained to the Precambrian basement rock units of Adamawa-Oban massif areas to the east of the Anambra Basin and the adjacent Abakaliki Anticlinorium.     

德都地震前湾井水位的四步段映震异常及其预报意义

本文归纳了德都中强地震发生前湾_1井水位动态异变的基本特征,指出湾,井水位的四步段映震异常:骤然陡降—缓慢回升—高位跳动—高位稳定发震。并对短、临异常作了对比分析,探讨四步段映震异常对地震短临预报的重要意义。还就区域应力异常场和灵敏性问题进行了讨论。