国际新元古代年代地层学研究进展与发展趋势

国际地层委员会末元古系分会1989年正式成立以来,经过各国地层古生物学家近十五年的努力,国际末前寒武纪年代地层学研究已取得很大进展.全球末元古系的正式名称--埃迪卡拉系(Ediacaran)以及埃迪卡拉系的底界层型已经国际地科联批准,在国际地层委员会2004年版"国际地层表"中被正式应用(Gradstein et al.,2004).本文综合近年来国际地层委员会末元古系分会有关文件和部分委员的有关建议,对国际新元古代年代地层学研究的进展与未来发展动向作一概要介绍,以期引起国内晚前寒武纪地层古生物学者的广泛关注.     

Microfossils from the Arymas and Debengda formations, the Riphean of the Olenek Uplift: Age and presumable nature

Studied assemblages of diverse organic-walled microfossils separated from the Arymas and Debengda formations of the Olenek Uplift include several paleobiological groups of microorganisms. Sufficiently large morphotypes of the first group are identified with remains of cyanobacteria. Morphotypes of variable spiral structure, which dwelt in association or in symbiosis with cyanobionts, are attributed to the same bacterial community. The other group includes a series of different acritarch genera whose characters suggest their affinity with green algae of the order Desmidiales. It is very likely that this group coexisted on siliciclastic shoals with large ancestral forms of the present-day brown algae. Several microfossil taxa have been known before from the Neoproterozoic deposits only. With due regard for the relatively gradual accumulation of sedimentary succession lacking large hiatuses and for the regular series of K-Ar dates characterizing three Riphean formations of the Olenek Uplift, it is possible to suggest that there was the Arymas-Debengda-Khaipakh cycle of long-lasted, almost uninterrupted sedimentation within the time span of 1250–900 Ma. It is also admissible that age ranges of some Late Precambrian microfossils are much larger than their distribution intervals postulated formerly.     

新疆东天山地区星星峡群的解体及地质意义

新疆东天山地区星星峡一带的原星星峡群为一套岩性复杂、变质程度差异很大的变质岩系, 在该区进行的1:50000区调工作中, 通过详细的地表调查和地层剖面测量, 并参考了相关变质侵入体的同位素年龄后认为, 根据岩石组合、变质程度、同位素年龄等地质标志, 可将其初步解体为大致形成于晚太古代—古元古代的天湖岩群(Ar₃—Pt₁T.)和长城纪星星峡岩群(ChX.)两套时代不同的岩群。该岩群的解体和区域对比表明, 中天山星星峡一带和塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格一带的前南华系基底应该是一致的, 属于统一的塔里木北缘隆起带。      

The Proterozoic evolution of northern Siberian Craton margin: a comparison of U–Pb–Hf signatures from sedimentary units of the Taimyr orogenic belt and the Siberian platform

Identifying the cratonic affinity of Neoproterozoic crust that surrounds the northern margin of the Siberian Craton (SC) is critical for determining its tectonic evolution and placing the Craton in Neoproterozoic supercontinental reconstructions. Integration of new U–Pb–Hf detrital zircon data with regional geological constraints indicates that distinct Neoproterozoic arc-related magmatic belts can be identified within the Taimyr orogen. Sedimentary rocks derived from 970 to 800 Ma arc-related suites reveal abundant Archean and Paleoproterozoic detritus, characteristic of the SC. The 720–600 Ma arc-related zircon population from the younger Cambrian sedimentary rocks is also complemented by an exotic juvenile Mesoproterozoic zircon population and erosional products of older arc-related suites. Nonetheless, numerous evidences imply that both arcs broadly reworked Siberian basement components. We suggest that the early Neoproterozoic (ca. 970–800 Ma) arc system of the Taimyr orogen evolved on the active margin of the SC and probably extended along the periphery of Rodinia into Valhalla orogen of NE Laurentia. We also suggest the late Neoproterozoic (750–550 Ma) arc system could have been part of the Timanian orogen, which linked Siberia and Baltica at the Precambrian/Phanerozoic transition.     

冲积扇沉积向滨岸沉积的转变--以华北克拉通南缘中元古界兵马沟组为例

中国华北克拉通南缘的前寒武纪沉积地层发育齐全、出露较好,具有较高的研究价值。但前寒武纪的沉积地层年代久远,缺少佐证的生物依据,对沉积环境的判断更多依赖于构造背景、地理环境、岩石类型和沉积构造等,导致前人研究有较多的争议。以华北克拉通南缘汝阳群兵马沟组为例,通过精细分析岩石特征、古水流和沉积相,结合相关地层的区域对比及古地貌的重建,解释了兵马沟组的沉积成因和环境转换。汝阳群沉积地层不整合覆盖在华北克拉通南缘太古宙变质结晶基底或古元古代熊耳群火山-沉积岩系之上,兵马沟组作为汝阳群底部的地层单元,受地形和断裂的明显控制,接受丰富的物源供给,发育了一套极具特色的“双层叠加”沉积地层,代表了从冲积扇沉积到砂砾质滨岸沉积的环境转变,作为华北克拉通南缘以海相为主控的沉积开端,具有重要的科学价值。     

Platinum-group elements distribution and spinel composition in podiform chromitites and associated rocks from the upper mantle section of the Neoproterozoic Bou Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco

The distribution of platinum-group elements (PGEs), together with spinel composition, of podiform chromitites and serpentinized peridotites were examined to elucidate the nature of the upper mantle of the Neoproterozoic Bou Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. The mantle section is dominated by harzburgite with less abundant dunite. Chromitite pods are also found as small lenses not exceeding a few meters in size. Almost all primary silicates have been altered, and chromian spinel is the only primary mineral that survived alteration. Chromian spinel of chromitites is less affected by hydrothermal alteration than that of mantle peridotites. All chromitite samples of the Bou Azzer ophiolite display a steep negative slope of PGE spidergrams, being enriched in Os, Ir and Ru, and extremely depleted in Pt and Pd. Harzburgites and dunites usually have intermediate to low PGE contents showing more or less unfractionated PGE patterns with conspicuous positive anomalies of Ru and Rh. Two types of magnetite veins in serpentinized peridotite, type I (fibrous) and type II (octahedral), have relatively low PGE contents, displaying a generally positive slope from Os to Pd in the former type, and positive slope from Os to Rh then negative from Rh to Pd in the latter type. These magnetite patterns demonstrate their early and late hydrothermal origin, respectively. Chromian spinel composition of chromitites, dunites and harzburgites reflects their highly depleted nature with little variations; the Cr# is, on average, 0.71, 0.68 and 0.71, respectively. The TiO₂ content is extremely low in chromian spinels, <0.10, of all rock types. The strong PGE fractionation of podiform chromitites and the high-Cr, low-Ti character of spinel of all rock types imply that the chromitites of the Bou Azzer ophiolite were formed either from a high-degree partial melting of primitive mantle, or from melting of already depleted mantle peridotites. This kind of melting is most easily accomplished in the supra-subduction zone environment, indicating a genetic link with supra-subduction zone magma, such as high-Mg andesite or arc tholeiite. This is a general feature in the Neoproterozoic upper mantle.     

青河北中深变质岩系时代归属及地质意义

阿尔泰青河地区中深变质岩系时代归属问题一直备受争议,通过1∶5万地质矿产调查,将青河地区中深变质岩系构造演化与同位素资料相结合,首次将青河地区中深变质岩系划为中元古界苏普特岩群,为研究阿尔泰地区中深变质岩系构造演化及时代归属提供依据.     

华南沉积岩系Hg、Sb丰度

从区域构造地球化学演化的角度来看,华南Hg、Sb矿床的形成主要可划分为三个阶段:(1)沉积层(主要是元古宙基底沉积层)堆积过程中Hg、Sb的储集;(2)元古宙基底(沉积层)的下沉-熔融-花岗岩形成与Hg、Sb释放;(3)在有利构造的引控下,含Hg、Sb流体形成、演化与成矿,简称为储存-释放-富集宏观三阶段。本文重点阐述的是第一阶段,华南沉积层特别是元古宙基底沉积层的Hg、Sb丰度。文中将华南沉积层Hg、Sb丰度分为四种类型:Ⅰ原生本底丰度;Ⅱ同生异常丰度;Ⅲ后生丰度;Ⅳ混合丰度。本文计算、统计出华南沉积岩系本底丰度Hg为0.368μg/g,Sb为1.28μg/g。华南元古宙基底沉积岩系本底丰度Hg为0.363μg/g,Sb为1.45μg/g都明显高于地壳及花岗岩Hg、Sb丰度值。     

An interpretation of the structure of the Blatherskite Nappe,Alice springs,Northern Territory

The basal unit of the Amadeus Basin sequence is the Heavitree Quartzite, and this formation usually forms a single east‐west ridge along the northern side of the MacDonnell Ranges. However, at Alice Springs there are two such ridges. Basement rocks crop out on the northern side of each ridge, and dolomite and shale of the Bitter Springs Formation crop out on their southern sides. The northern outcrop of dolomite and shale is tightly folded, and is separated from the southern outcrop of basement by a major fault. The bedding of the sediments, the axial plane of the fold, and the fault all dip south at about 45°. Inverted facings on parasitic folds indicate that the northern outcrop of quartzite and dolomite plus shale is an antiform in inverted rocks. Hence the southern outcrop of basement and quartzite is synformal, and is interpreted as the frontal part of a fold nappe. The nappe started as a recumbent anticline whose middle limb of quartzite sheared out as the anticline travelled several kilometres southwards relative to the dolomite and shale below, which formed a tight recumbent syncline. Later monoclinal uplift of the northern half of the area tilted the nappe into its present south‐dipping attitude, thus converting the recumbent anticline into a synform and the recumbent syncline into an antiform.     

Kaolinite Claystones associated with the Wongawilli seam in the southern part of the Sydney basin

Kaolinite claystones that are similar in structure, texture and composition to the kaolin tonsteins of Western Europe, and to some of the flint clays of North America, are associated with the Wongawilli Seam in the southern part of the Sydney Basin, where they form thin persistent bands within the coal and somewhat thicker deposits immediately overlying the seam. The thin bands within the coal are fine grained and consist of brecciated to pelletal clasts composed of well‐ordered kaolinite set in a matrix of similar composition. The thicker deposits overlying the seam are much coarser grained and appear restricted in occurrence to the basin margins. They contain a predominance of oolites with kaolinite clasts bonded by a relatively sparse matrix and in places, remarkable ‘outgrowths’ of vermicular kaolinite. The origin of the deposits is discussed, and it is concluded that most of the unusual features of these claystones can be ascribed to a fluvial environment.