Ocean zoning,first possession and Coasean contracts

Governments are being asked to integrate uses of ocean resources and space by developing comprehensive zoning plans. The current, sectoral practice establishes individual areas, such as marine protected areas, that satisfy constituents’ first-possession strategies to claim de facto ownership, but the zones are not integrated. Also, the emphasis on exclusive-use zoning to minimize spillovers in both approaches is costly when the value of excluded production is greater than spillover damages. Alternatively, property rights could be allocated to claimants and exchanged in contracts that internalize spillovers, account for all sources of value, and result in an optimal pattern of mixed-use and exclusive-use zones.     

Social,economic and environmental effects of closing commercial fisheries to enhance recreational fishing

Recreational fishing mortality can have a major impact on coastal fish populations, bringing recreational fishers into conflict with commercial fisheries. This article reviews exclusion zones for commercial fishing, or ‘recreational fishing areas’ as a solution to the conflict between commercial and recreational fisheries. Recently designated recreational fishing areas in the state of Queensland, Australia are examined as a case-study. The goal of recreational fishing areas is to enhance recreational fishing and provide economic opportunities through charter fishing. However, recently designated recreational fishing areas in Queensland have not been thoroughly assessed for their social, economic and environmental impacts and they are not integrated within existing management frameworks for fisheries. The designation of recreational fishing areas is thus a shift away from evidence-based management in Queensland's fisheries and has likely occurred solely for political reasons – there are more voters in the recreational fishery than commercial fishery. In Queensland, excluding commercial fishing on its own is unlikely to result in long-term benefits to recreational fisheries because recreational harvest is a major component of fish harvest for some key species and there is no legislated limit to recreational harvest. Current political attention on recreational fishing areas provides an opportunity for fisheries managers, politicians, conservation groups and the public to discuss what is needed to manage sustainable coastal fisheries. In particular, recreational fishing areas need to be combined with efforts to enhance stewardship among recreational fishers if they are to be successful in the long-term.     

外空扰动引力场的传播特性

根据重力场的频谱理论,本文建立了重力异常阶方差的经验模型,并导出了外空扰动引力场与地面数据分辨率及其覆盖范围之间的关系,从理论上研究和揭示了各种地形类别下外空场的传播特性。为验证理论分析结果,还应用重力异常逐级余差方法,以实际资料计算并分析了外空扰动引力场的传播特性。结果表明,理论分析和实际计算得到的结论完全一致。     

库车坳陷K区块冲断带深层白垩系致密砂岩裂缝发育规律、控制因素与属性建模研究

针对致密砂岩气藏裂缝预测的复杂问题,本文以库车坳陷K区块为例,提出基于裂缝精细描述的属性建模方法,为该区裂缝预测提供新思路。首先基于岩心和成像测井裂缝解释模型,采用网格法获取裂缝参数,包括裂缝延伸长度(2~1850mm)、裂缝密度(平均值0.53条/米)、裂缝宽度(集中分布在0.1~0.4mm)、倾角(56°~82°)及面缝率(0.016%~0.083%)。该区影响裂缝发育的主要因素有构造、层厚以及埋深。不同构造部位裂缝发育规律不同:背斜核部发育张裂缝,其宽度和长度呈高值;翼部主要发育X剪裂缝,宽度、长度和密度都处于相对低值;近断裂附近发育高角度裂缝,密度呈高值。层厚与裂缝密度及面缝率成反比。K区目的层是深-超深埋深,随着埋深的增加,矿物脆性减弱韧性增强,超过临界点(7100m)裂缝的发育逐渐减弱。应用Petrel软件,利用裂缝精细描述数据库、构造数据和层面数据等,实现裂缝密度和面缝率模型的建立。最后,探索性的研究裂缝参数和渗透率的相关性,通过裂缝密度参数拟合渗透率模型,实现K区块的渗透率定量预测。     

陆上高分辨率地震勘探检波器性能及应用效果分析(英文)

地震检波器的性能是高分辨率地震数据采集中的一个重要因素,对资料的品质影响很大。为此,作者在不同类型地区对目前在高分辨率地震勘探中常用的动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器的性能进行了对比试验。通过野外工作的实际,总结了动圈式检波器、涡流检波器和数字检波器在不同表层地质条件地区的应用效果,提出了适合该类地区高分辨率地震检波器的性能指标,指出合理选择检波器类型和检波器的联接方式,能提高地震资料的信噪比和分辨率。     

根据野外震磁测量实践简评G-856质子旋进磁力仪性能

1996年渤海及周围地区被划定为地震重点危险区,为了加强地震监测工作,山东省地震局购置了3台由深圳华隆地球物理仪器工贸公司(中美合资)组装的G-856质子旋进磁力仪。     

不同岩性条件下预应力锚索锚固力损失规律研究

影响预应力锚索锚固效果的因素多而复杂,并且各因素之间又相互影响。锚固力损失与岩土体性质密切相关,通过理论分析、试验研究、数值模拟等方法,研究岩土体的蠕变变形和压缩变形对锚固力损失的影响机理,对坚硬岩体、软弱岩体、破碎岩体以及土体所造成的预应力锚索锚固力损失规律进行研究,研究表明:岩土体性质不同,引起的预应力锚索锚固力损失也不相同; 岩土体质量越好,在相同初始锚固力条件下其锚固力损失就越小。该研究成果可指导锚固工程的设计、施工和运行管理,有利于提高锚固工程的经济效益和社会效益。     

Equity implications of marketing ecosystem services in protected areas and rural communities: Case studies from Meso-America

This paper investigates the equity implications of marketing ecosystem services in protected areas and rural communities. We use a three-tiered equity framework to analyse four distinct efforts to commercialise watershed recharge and carbon dioxide fixation by forests in Meso-America. We show that project development and participation are strongly mediated by organisational networks, as well as existing rights of access over land and forest resources. We demonstrate that procedural fairness diverges strongly when initiatives are implemented in protected areas or in rural communities. While in the former reserve managers and intermediaries concentrate all decision-making power, initiatives working with rural communities are able to integrate more significantly service providers in management decisions. Marketing ecosystem services in protected areas contributes to reduce expenditure rates for protected area management, but also results in less equitable outcomes, as rural communities and forest resource users become excluded from receiving sustained development benefits. When ecosystem services are commercialised by rural farmers, payments do not cover opportunity costs but act as a significant incentive for participation in most cases. Ecosystem service providers also benefit from complementary project activities, such as forest management training and agricultural extension support. We argue that limited economic impact and existing inequities in decision-making and outcomes can be explained by problems of institutional design, in particular the inability of markets and payments for ecosystem services to account for context-related factors, such as property rights.     

对地图知识产权的认识和思考

本文首先分析了目前我国地图知识产权保护可以依据的法律法规,并对地图知识产权保护中的几个主要方面进行了研究,进一步提出促进知识产权保护的相关策略。     

高铁地震信号直达波波形反演建模

高铁地震信号由高速行驶的高铁列车与铁轨挤压形变后产生,具有频带宽、低频强、重复性好等优点.如何利用高铁地震信号进行地下介质重构,尚处于前期探索阶段.全波形反演建模技术是目前地球物理领域建模精度较高的方法之一,但其需要低频数据才能保证结果的稳定收敛,因此利用全波形反演对高铁地震信号进行近地表建模及属性变化监测和灾害预警具有独特优势.本文通过对高铁地震信号的分析,研究了高铁地震的理论震源信号和基于桥墩的离散震源信号,并通过模型测试实现了利用高铁地震信号的全波形反演建模及属性变化监测.