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371.
土水特征曲线基本参数(进气值、残余吸力值和反弯点的斜率等)在非饱和土的强度理论、渗流理论以及体变特性等方面都是非常重要的参数,常常通过传统画图法来确定,其精确度难以保证。以洛川标准剖面4层原状黄土为研究对象,基于VG模型提出单峰和双峰SWCC基本参数的确定方法;采用滤纸法测得SWCC数据点,基于VG模型进行最优化拟合,获取拟合参数,利用单峰和双峰SWCC数据点验证该方法的可行性;进行自然状态下的水分蒸发试验,根据质量含水率与蒸发时间的关系确定蒸发残余饱和度Srzf,依据Sr1、Sr2(Sr1和Sr2分别由确定残余状态的两种方法得到)与Srzf的相对误差值,比较了两种确定残余状态的方法。结果表明:对于单峰和双峰SWCC曲线,该方法都可以得到合理的基本参数并有效地确定其残余状态。 相似文献
372.
盈江县超上地区橄榄辉石岩脉的全岩地球化学特征表明:岩脉具有高Al、低Ti、贫P2O5和低碱的特点,属于低钾拉斑系列。另外具有与橄榄岩平衡的原生岩浆相一致的Mg#值为(70.89~72.18)、略微的Eu正异常(δEu=1.16~1.40),轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素相对平缓;微量元素蛛网图上岩脉富集大离子亲石元素U、Th、Pb等,强烈亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf、P、Ti等。通过综合分析,认为岩脉岩浆源区为被俯冲板片流体改造过的亏损地幔,由其形成的母岩浆在演化过程中遭受了不同程度的下地壳物质的同化混染作用和有限的结晶分异作用,并可能经历了辉石的堆晶作用。结合区域资料,认为盈江县超上橄榄辉石岩脉形成于岛弧环境,超上地区可能在侏罗纪时期经历了中特提斯洋的俯冲消减。 相似文献
373.
The threshold of motion of non-fragmented mollusc shells was studied for the first time under oscillatory flow. In this regard, flume experiments were used to investigate the threshold of motion of three bivalve and three gastropod species, two typical mollusc classes of coastal coquina deposits. The sieve diameters ranged from 2·0 to 15·9 mm. These experiments were performed on a flat-bottom setup under regular non-breaking waves (swell) produced by a flap-type wave generator. The critical Shields values for each species of mollusc were plotted against the sieve and nominal diameter. Moreover, the dimensionless Corey shape factor of the shells was evaluated in order to investigate the effect of mollusc shell shapes on the threshold of motion. According to their critical Shields parameter, the mollusc threshold data under oscillatory flow present smaller values than the siliciclastic sediments when considering their sieve diameter. In addition, the mollusc datasets are below the empirical curves built from siliciclastic grain data under current and waves. When considering the nominal diameter, the critical Shields parameter increases and the mollusc data are closer to siliciclastic sediments. Bivalves, which have a flat-concave shape (form factor: 0·27 to 0·37), have a higher critical Shields parameter for smaller particles and more uniform datasets than the gastropod scattered data, which have a rounded shape (form factor: 0·58 to 0·62) and have varied morphologies (ellipsoidal, conical and cubic). The comparison between previous current-driven threshold data of bioclastic sediment motion and the data of mollusc whole shells under oscillatory flow shows a fair correlation on the Shields diagram, in which all datasets are below the mean empirical curves for siliciclastic sediments. These findings indicate that the shape effect on the transport initiation is predominant for smaller shells. The use of the nominal diameter is satisfactory to improve the bioclastic and siliciclastic data correlation. 相似文献
374.
实验室和研究人员所使用的碳、氮同位素标准物质一般由国际原子能机构(IAEA)获得,然而近年来,随着碳氮同位素在实验室质量监控、方法评价、仪器校准等方面的广泛应用,市场需求量不断增加, IAEA研制的碳、氮同位素标准物质的种类与数量逐渐不能满足科学研究快速发展的需求。我国急需研制适应当今分析技术水平的有机质碳氮同位素国家标准物质用以进行质量监控、方法评价、仪器校准。为保证量值传递精度,本文研制了4个有机化学物质的碳氮稳定同位素标准物质,其中3个为尿素样品,1个为L-谷氨酸。经检验4种标准物质的均匀性通过F值检验,标准物质的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值经过一年的稳定性检验,特征量值变化在测量方法允许的不确定度范围内,由此判定δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值稳定性良好。由包括研制单位实验室在内的12家实验室协同定值,采用高温燃烧-气体同位素质谱法测定了δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值,系列标准物质δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N认定值区间呈梯度分布,δ~(13)C值为-40‰~0‰,δ~(15)N值为-10‰~30‰,涵盖了我国天然样品中有机质碳氮稳定同位素组成范围;研制的系列标准物质δ~(13)C的定值扩展不确定度不大于0.08‰,δ~(15)N的定值扩展不确定度不大于0.09‰,定值水平与国际标准物质相当。该系列标准物质已被国家质检总局批准为国家一级标准物质,批准号为GBW04494~GBW04497。可被用于地质、生态、环境等多种样品δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N比值测定时的分析监控、仪器校准、方法评价、质量保证和质量监控。 相似文献
375.
在深海水道研究过程中,识别出深海弯曲水道内部存在一种特殊的沉积单元--凹岸坝,基于尼日尔三角洲陆坡区浅层高频三维地震资料,利用地震相分析技术,探究了凹岸坝的沉积结构特征和形成机制,讨论了其与水道弯曲丘(nested mounds)、曲流河凹岸滩坝之间的差异。研究结果表明:凹岸坝是分布于曲率较大、以垂向加积为主的末期水道弯曲凹岸处的坝体沉积单元,该沉积单元在地震剖面上表现为强振幅、连续性较好的反射特征,其内部沉积界面倾向于水道弯曲凸岸处,倾角约1°~20°,且在凹岸弧顶处达到最大值。凹岸坝形成的关键在于惯性作用,其造成水道内部重力流流体在弯曲处发生溢岸,导致流量减少,流体动能相应降低,流体携砂能力小于沉积物负载,造成沉积物快速沉降,从而形成凹岸坝。由于凹岸坝是一种连续性较好的砂体沉积,所以其可成为潜在的、储集性能较好的油气储集体。 相似文献
376.
377.
Evidence for the functioning of macropores and the presence of preferential flow in forest soils is equivocal. This is partly because many workers use only one diagnostic technique to indicate whether or not macropore flow occurs. In this paper three lines of evidence are used to suggest that preferential flow does not occur in the percolating waters of a coniferous forest soil under the range of hydrological conditions that prevail in the field. To simulate field conditions, realistic rainfall intensities were used in conservative solute transport experiments on four undisturbed soil columns. A method is described in which breakthrough data can be used to calculate the percentage of antecedent water displaced from a soil column during frontal-type breakthrough experiments. Calculations based on this method using the experimental data show that as little as five percent of the antecedent water was immobile. The simple form of the functional advection–dispersion equation, based on a single value for linear velocity and the dispersion coefficient was fitted to two of the breakthrough curves with reasonable accuracy, further suggesting that preferential flow did not occur in the experiments. Finally, soil moisture characteristic curves were determined for replicate soil samples from the forest soil. The operational water contents of the columns during the breakthrough experiments were compared with the soil moisture characteristics and it was found that pores exerting pressure heads greater than −0·5 kPa did not appear to contribute to flow through the columns, again suggesting an absence of preferential flow. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
378.
热带气旋移动速度是目前热带气旋研究热点之一。本文利用1951—2017年中国国家气象局最佳路径集资料,系统分析了西北太平洋海域热带气旋不同强度等级移动速度的年代际特征,初步探讨其原因,并对不同强度等级移动速度的分布特征进行系统诊断。结果表明,1951—2017年间平均移动速度(所有强度等级平均及对于大部分强度等级)呈现出减慢趋势,且主要体现在强热带气旋等级移动速度减慢;热带气旋向高纬度迁移趋势理论上将使移动速度增大而移动速度仍然减慢,说明气候因素是引起移动速度减慢的一个重要因素;不同强度等级平均移动速度、增强阶段基本相当,减弱阶段随强度减弱在初、中期明显增加,之后又逐渐减小,变性气旋移动速度显著增加;不同强度等级速度概率分布,增强阶段基本相同且相对集中,减弱阶段差异较大且相对分散,变性气旋最为分散。 相似文献
379.
380.
Carissa A. Raymond Luke A. McGuire Ann M. Youberg Dennis M. Staley Jason W. Kean 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(6):1349-1360
Wildfire significantly alters the hydrologic properties of a burned area, leading to increases in overland flow, erosion, and the potential for runoff-generated debris flows. The initiation of debris flows in recently burned areas is well characterized by rainfall intensity-duration (ID) thresholds. However, there is currently a paucity of data quantifying the rainfall intensities required to trigger post-wildfire debris flows, which limits our understanding of how and why rainfall ID thresholds vary in different climatic and geologic settings. In this study, we monitored debris-flow activity following the Pinal Fire in central Arizona, which differs from both a climatic and hydrogeomorphic perspective from other regions in the western United States where ID thresholds for post-wildfire debris flows are well established, namely the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Since the peak rainfall intensity within a rainstorm may exceed the rainfall intensity required to trigger a debris flow, the development of robust rainfall ID thresholds requires knowledge of the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Existing post-wildfire debris-flow studies in Arizona only constrain the peak rainfall intensity within debris-flow-producing storms, which may far exceed the intensity that actually triggered the observed debris flow. In this study, we used pressure transducers within five burned drainage basins to constrain the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Rainfall ID thresholds derived here from triggering rainfall intensities are, on average, 22 mm h−1 lower than ID thresholds derived under the assumption that the triggering intensity is equal to the maximum rainfall intensity recorded during a rainstorm. We then use a hydrologic model to demonstrate that the magnitude of the 15-min rainfall ID threshold at the Pinal Fire site is associated with the rainfall intensity required to exceed a recently proposed dimensionless discharge threshold for debris-flow initiation. Model results further suggest that previously observed differences in regional ID thresholds between Arizona and the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California may be attributed, in large part, to differences in the hydraulic properties of burned soils. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献