An Approach for Classification of Groundwaters by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Discriminant Analysis

Monitoring and evaluation of groundwater quality in drinking water protectorates is of particular interest if the uncontrolled entry of pollutants, for example by infiltrating river water, cannot be excluded. A fluorescence spectroscopic method is presented as possible alternative to the conventional expensive hydrochemical investigations. This method uses the information yielded by synchronous fluorescence spectra. After a Fourier transformation of the original spectra and a following discriminant analysis, the samples can be classified in different groups corresponding to the different types of groundwater. The method was tested in the drinking water protectorate of a waterworks of a German metropolis (Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt). We found a prediction rate of about 90% in the investigated case.     

IR-spektroskopische und weitere Untersuchungen an neuen Weichspüler-Wirkstoffen

IR Spectroscopy and Further Analyses of New Fabric Rinse Agents Distearyldimethylammoniumchloride (DSDMAC) that dominated the fabric softener market in Germany in the past is now substituted by three new types of ester-based agents, i.e. imidazoline ester, ester quats, and diester quats what poses new challenges to surface water analytics. The IR spectra and the chromatographic behaviour of these three agents are more or less similar to those of naturally occuring fatty esters. The paper reports about the use of IR spectroscopy, its benefit in the sense of fingerprinting principle, the identification of substances by functional groups, and the analytical tracing of transformation products. The latter relates to the formation of salts with anions that are easily detectable, the clean up, and the final spectroscopic determination. While in 1994 DSDMAC was still determinable in concentrations of 10…20 mg/kg in suspended solids from the Middle Rhine River, the concentration of the substitutes was below the detection limit of 2 mg/kg and 1…2 μg/L in 1995.     

计算机辅助绘制流域等流时线

采用地理信息系统方法，对流域的地形地貌特征进行分析，模拟水质点在流域上的运动轨迹，并根据水质点汇流时间与汇流路径，坡度，坡长的关系，建立了流域汇流等流时线模型，经实例验证，效果较好。     

汕头市历史地震影响烈度的分析

本文将所论地震事件视为随机事件。按全概率定理分析了地震对场地的地震动影响(A)和超越给定值的概率P:对地震烈度序列进行了极值统计分析,得到汕头市地震平均重现期及其对应的烈度值。     

层次分析法（AHP法）在金矿勘查中的应用—新疆金窝子金矿床为例

应用层次分析法（Analystical Hierarchy Process,简称AHP法）确定金窝子金矿床合理的工业品位指标。将影响工业品位的因素及各因素间的隶属关系构成系统的多层次分析结构模型，进行层次排序，制订工业品位指标的总目标，通过分析和计算，确定工业品位指标的最佳方案，取得了较满意的结果。     

韶关市近50年强降水频数统计及周期分析

利用韶关市近50年降水资料,对逐日降水量R24（20～20时）≥50．0mm的强降水次数进行统计分析,结果表明韶关暴雨及以上强降水主要集中在多水期的3～7月,其中5、6月份为最多,这与韶关的自然季节降水特点是相吻合的;从50年代至90年代,各年代大暴雨和暴雨分别呈现出偏少．正常-正常-偏少-偏多和偏多～正常-偏少～偏少～偏多的演变趋势;R24≥50．0mm的强降水总次数及历年5、6月份R24≥50．0mm的强降水次数存在周期变化。     

基于非等间距泊松曲线在沉降预测中的应用

泊松曲线是一种精度较高的沉降预测方法，但是它只能在等时距数据条件下方能使用，在工程实际中很难满足这一要求。本文采用插值法将非等时距数据转化成等时距数列，并结合高层建筑沉降监测工程实例分析，结果表明，用泊松曲线模型预测建筑物沉降量与实际沉降量比较接近，具有较高的应用价值。     

Scalar Similarity for Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Methods

The relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) method allows the measurement of trace gas fluxes when no fast sensors are available for eddy covariance measurements. The flux parameterisation used in REA is based on the assumption of scalar similarity, i.e., similarity of the turbulent exchange of two scalar quantities. In this study changes in scalar similarity between carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour were assessed using scalar correlation coefficients and spectral analysis. The influence on REA measurements was assessed by simulation. The evaluation is based on observations over grassland, irrigated cotton plantation and spruce forest.Scalar similarity between carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour showed a distinct diurnal pattern and change within the day. Poor scalar similarity was found to be linked to dissimilarities in the energy contained in the low frequency part of the turbulent spectra ( < 0.01 Hz).The simulations of REA showed significant change in b-factors throughout the diurnal course. The b-factor is part of the REA parameterisation scheme and describes a relation between the concentration difference and the vertical flux of a trace gas. The diurnal course of b-factors for carbon dioxide, sonic temperature and water vapour matched well. Relative flux errors induced in REA by varying scalar similarity were generally below ± 10%. Systematic underestimation of the flux of up to − 40% was found for the use of REA applying a hyperbolic deadband (HREA). This underestimation was related to poor scalar similarity between the scalar of interest and the scalar used as proxy for the deadband definition.     

民国时期上海霍乱频发的原因探略

阐述了民国时期上海霍乱的发生情况,并对其频发的原因进行了研究。研究结果认为,民国时期上海霍乱流行有三个方面的特点:一是频繁,数十年几乎无年不发生;二是死亡人数多,并涉及各色人等,尤以移民、苦力等下层社会群体受害最深;三是成因极为复杂,既有自然因素又有人为因素的作用,如贸易、人口、移民、城市管理、习惯文化、生活方式、社会分层、战争等。多种因素叠加交互作用,使上海成为当时中国三大霍乱中心之一。研究还发现,民国时期上海霍乱不同于一般的传染病,而是现代沿海城市畸形发展的一种城市病,其社会问题的层面要多于自然的层面。     

婺源县空气负离子分布规律初步分析

在婺源大鄣山卧龙谷景区、鸳鸯湖景区、月亮湾景区、城区和部分村庄选取7个能够代表当地生态环境特征的监测点,进行为期2 d的负离子浓度、温度、风向、风速、空气相对湿度和气压流动监测,并与南昌城区负离子浓度观测资料进行对比,初步分析了负离子分布规律,以及负离子与首要污染物(PM10)的关系.分析结果认为,负离子浓度与植被覆盖率、海拔高度呈正相关,与首要污染物浓度呈负相关;风景区的负离子浓度高于城区:植被状况与瀑布对负离子的空间分布影响最大.