Three-Step Difference Scheme for Solving Nonlinear Time-Evolution Partial Differential Equations

In this paper, a special three-step difference scheme is applied to the solution of nonlinear time-evolution equations, whose coefficients are determined according to accuracy constraints, necessary conditions of square conservation, and historical observation information under the linear supposition. As in the linear case, the schemes also have obvious superiority in overall performance in the nonlinear case compared with traditional finite difference schemes, e.g., the leapfrog（LF） scheme and the complete square conservation difference（CSCD） scheme that do not use historical observations in determining their coefficients, and the retrospective time integration（RTI） scheme that does not consider compatibility and square conservation. Ideal numerical experiments using the one-dimensional nonlinear advection equation with an exact solution show that this three-step scheme minimizes its root mean square error（RMSE） during the first 2500 integration steps when no shock waves occur in the exact solution, while the RTI scheme outperforms the LF scheme and CSCD scheme only in the first 1000 steps and then becomes the worst in terms of RMSE up to the 2500th step. It is concluded that reasonable consideration of accuracy, square conservation, and historical observations is also critical for good performance of a finite difference scheme for solving nonlinear equations.     

二维多途径多普勒雷达退速度模糊算法的改进及效果分析

对Zhang Jian提出的二维多途径自动退速度模糊方法进行了改进。原方法从弱风切变区确定一系列参考径向,使用这些参考径向对其相邻库进行逐库连续性检测和模糊订正。由于中小尺度系统的扰动和弧立回波区的影响,有时很难获得比较准确的供参考的相邻库,这将对进一步的退速度模糊过程产生很大的影响。针对这个问题,在连续性检测的过程中,先确定疑似速度模糊边界,然后识别出速度模糊边界和速度模糊区域。在模糊订正的过程中,采用扩展邻域的方法,扩大参考库的范围进行模糊订正。为了检验改进方法的性能,采用大量的雷达体扫个例进行试验。结果表明,该文的改进方法能够较准确地识别出速度模糊的边界和区域,同时具有较好的退速度模糊效果。     

总能量守恒与辛几何算法

以正压大气原始方程为例子，以总能量守恒为主线，介绍动力保守系统的两类重要算法：总能量守恒算法和辛几何算法，讨论了两之间的关系。中给出具体的算例，并说明两类算法的有效性。     

基于不同陆面参数化方案的高温天气数值模拟

基于3种不同的陆面过程方案(SLAB、NOAH和RUC方案)利用WRF模式对2009年7月发生在江苏沿江及苏南地区包括沪宁高速公路在内的一次高温天气过程进行了对比模拟和分析.结果表明:①WRF模式中耦合陆面参数化方案后的试验结果更接近实况,且模拟的高温天气过程对不同陆面方案的选择较为敏感;②SLAB、NOAH、RUC ...     

Prediction of sea fog of Guangdong coastland using the variable factors output by GRAPES model

By analyzing the NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis (2004–2008), a number of predictors (factors of variables) are established with the output from the GRAPES model and with reference to the sea fog data from observational stations (2004–2008) and field observations (2006–2008). Based on the criteria and conditions for sea fog appearance at the stations of Zhanjiang, Zhuhai and Shantou, a Model Output Statistics (MOS) scheme for distinguishing and forecasting 24-h sea fog is established and put into use for three repres...     

Impact of Horizontal Resolution and Cumulus Parameterization Scheme on the Simulation of Heavy Rainfall Events over the Korean Peninsula

In this paper, we present the results from high-resolution numerical simulations of three heavy rainfall events over the Korean Peninsula. The numerical results show that the prediction accuracy for heavy rainfall events improved as horizontal resolution increased. The fine-grid precipitation fields were much closer to the real precipitation fields in the case of large synoptic forcing over the Korean Peninsula. In the case of large convective available potential energy and weak synoptic forcing, it seems that even when using a high resolution, the models still showed poor performance in reproducing the observed high precipitation amounts. However, activation of the cumulus parameterization scheme in the intermediate resolution of 9 km, even at a grid spacing of 3 km, had a positive impact on the simulation of the heavy rainfall event.     

热带海洋SSTA的POP中性预测方案

用主振荡型（ Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ）方法分析了热带洋区月平均海表温度异常（ Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ Ａ）。结果表明,最重要的 ４ 个传播型 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ对与 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／ Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件关系密切,说明这类事件具有复杂的时空结构。在此基础上,给出了一个能定量地综合多个传播型 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ对作用的 Ｐ Ｏ Ｐ中性预测方案。非独立样本和独立样本试验表明,它具有 ４ 个月的预测时效,且其预测能力在 Ｓ Ｓ Ｔ 强异常的 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ、 Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件阶段强于弱异常的非 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／ Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ 事件阶段。     

EFFECTS OF VERTICAL WIND SHEAR ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY CHANGE

The effects of vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change are examined based on the TC data from the China Meteorological Administration and the NCEP reanalysis daily data from 2001 to 2006. First, the influence of wind shear between different vertical levels and averages in different horizontal areas are compared. The results indicate that the effect of wind shear between 200 and 850 hPa averaged within a 200–800 km annulus on TC intensity change is larger than any other calculated vertical wind shear. High-latitude and intense TCs tend to be less sensitive to the effects of VWS than low-latitude and weak TCs. TCs experience time lags between the imposition of the shear and the weakening in TC intensity. A vertical shear of 8–9 m/s (9–10 m/s) would weaken TC intensity within 60 h (48 h). A vertical shear greater than 10 m/s would weaken TC intensity within 6 h. Finally, a statistical TC intensity prediction scheme is developed by using partial least squares regression, which produces skillful intensity forecasts when potential predictors include factors related to the vertical wind shear. Analysis of the standardized regression coefficients further confirms the obtained statistical results.     

影响武汉市空气污染的地面环流形势及其与污染物浓度的关系

利用Lamb-Jenkinson客观环流分型法,分析2004—2013年影响武汉地区的主要地面环流型及其特点,并探讨环流型与污染物浓度之间的关系。结果表明,影响武汉地区的主要地面环流型有反气旋型(A)、气旋型(C)、偏东风型(E)、高压系统控制的偏东风型(AE)、偏东北风型(NE)及东南风型(SE)。秋、冬季以A、AE、E型为主,春季A、C、E型出现频率最高,夏季则C、E型出现次数最多。空气污染日出现的主要地面环流型有A、AE、E、SE、C及NE型,影响各季节出现污染的主要环流型不同,其中C型主要出现在春、夏季,表现为被弱低压控制;而中度及以上污染日的地面环流型主要为A、SE、E及AE型,受高压系统或偏东风影响时,高浓度污染较易出现。环流型对各种污染物浓度的影响程度存在差异。     

冰晶核化对雷暴云闪电行为影响的数值模拟研究

为了探讨冰晶核化对雷暴云闪电行为的影响,通过已有的三维对流云起、放电模式探讨对比了3种冰晶核化方案,分别为原模式中的经验公式YS方案及与气溶胶相关的DE方案和LP方案。研究表明冰晶核化方案对雷暴云内冰晶微物理发展特征、起电及放电过程均有一定影响。模拟结果显示:(1)考虑了气溶胶的两种新参数化方案中冰晶粒子在高温区(高于-13.8℃)出现,在雷暴云发展过程中DE方案和LP方案冰晶的垂直分布均大于YS方案。(2)DE方案和LP方案中高温区出现的冰晶所带电荷极性有明显的反转现象,导致雷暴云电荷结构产生差异;雷暴云发展旺盛时刻DE方案和LP方案出现三级性电荷结构,而YS方案在整个雷暴云过程都是偶极性,并且DE方案和LP方案中电荷空间分布区域更加广泛。(3)不同核化方案下雷暴云放电特征存在差异,YS方案在偶极性电荷结构背景下没有负地闪产生,而DE方案和LP方案中次正电荷区的存在促进了负地闪的发生,并且负先导出现在较低的高度范围内;DE方案和LP方案中电荷量级较大,因此云闪发生频次以及正、负先导传播次数增加明显。