Methods for industrial measurement and basic principles of their choices

In this paper, a variety of industrial objects are systematically analyzed. Ten methods for industrial measurement are summarized. For each method, its nature, advantages, disadvantages and adaptability are briefly given. The basic principles to choose the right industrial method are indicated.     

Improving rainfall–runoff modelling through the control of uncertainties under increasing climate variability in the Ouémé River basin (Benin,West Africa)

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to understand how the natural dynamics of a time-varying catchment, i.e. the rainfall pattern, transforms the random component of rainfall and how this transformation influences the river discharge. To this end, this paper develops a rainfall–runoff modelling approach that aims to capture the multiple sources and types of uncertainty in a single framework. The main assumption is that hydrological systems are nonlinear dynamical systems which can be described by stochastic differential equations (SDE). The dynamics of the system is based on the least action principle (LAP) as derived from Noether’s theorem. The inflow process is considered as a sum of deterministic and random components. Using data from the Ouémé River basin (Benin, West Africa), the basic properties for the random component are considered and the triple relationship between the structure of the inflowing rainfall, the corresponding SDE that describes the river basin and the associated Fokker-Planck equations (FPE) is analysed.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR D. Gerten     

An optimization approach for sustainable development planning of savanna systems

A savanna system is a natural ecosystem in which the competition between grass and woody vegetation in a semi-arid rangeland should be maintained for its sustainable development. Finding an optimal management plan for obtaining maximum economic profit from raising cattle without loss of sustainability of the savanna system during a planning period is a great challenge for rangeland managers. In this study, we formulate the sustainable development planning of the savanna system as an optimal control model, in which maximization of the stocking rate of cattle during the planning period is chosen as the objective while sustainable development requirements are achieved through the constraints represented by the desired final state of the system. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, the model is transformed into a two-point boundary-value problem with nonlinear differential equations that is then solved using an iterative approach. An example with a specified desired final state in a savanna system without fire is used to demonstrate the performance of the model and the algorithm. Numerical experiments show that the planning strategy obtained from the optimal control model achieves maximum economic profit from raising cattle during the planning period and simultaneously improves the resilience of the system and maintains sustainable development of the rangeland. The outcomes demonstrate that resilience, sustainable development and economic profit are consistent concepts in optimal management strategy for rangeland management.     

2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化

以MODIS NDVI为数据源,应用像元二分模型对黄土高原地区近2000 2009年植被覆盖度时空变化进行分析,并从气候变化和人类活动两个方面对植被覆盖度变化的原因进行探讨.结果表明:2000-2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈增加趋势,年增速为0.6％(p＜0.01);在空间上,黄土高原地区植被覆盖度整体呈现由西北向东南逐渐增加的趋势,这与黄土高原地区的水热条件分布基本一致;植被覆盖度明显改善地区的面积为6 717.35km2,主要分布在陕西延安的北部以及榆林的东北部;一般改善地区面积为180 176.90 km2;一般恶化地区面积为27 236.37 km2;明显恶化地区面积为852.62 km2,主要分布在内蒙古河套平原、银川、西安以及太原等地区;气温、降水的增加以及“三北”防护林和陕北地区退耕还林(草)等工程的实施是该地区植被覆盖度增加的主要原因.     

碎石桩复合地基复合模量取值分析

复合模量是计算复合地基沉降的关键参数,但求解出完全符合实际的精确解较困难。为此采用弹性理论中最小势能原理推求出复合模量上限值计算公式。此外,对影响复合模量上限值的几个主要参数如桩土压缩模量、土体泊松比、置换率等进行了分析,获得了一些定性的结论：上限值随着土体模量和置换率的增大而增大,复合模量取值应乘以1.1～1.4扩大系数。     

西藏冈底斯地区斑岩铜矿识别的最佳多光谱遥感异常判据研究

文章应用多光谱遥感技术,对冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的实例(驱龙、甲玛、朱诺、冲江、夏玛日等矿床)进行了研究和总结,包括ASTER和ETM+数据技术特征、蚀变异常找矿的地质依据、蚀变异常提取的波谱前提、多光谱矿致遥感异常提取的常见技术方法、去干扰异常主分量门限化技术流程、冈底斯斑岩铜矿带找矿模型最佳遥感异常判据研究等.确定了ASTER主分量分析提取的羟基异常OHA6、OHA5同心套合异常可做为斑岩铜矿的最佳多光谱遥感异常判据,在从夏玛日至朱诺的13景共46万平方公里的ASTER提取异常中,依此判据圈定了冈底斯20处有潜能的斑岩铜矿异常.此外,还对夏玛日景遥感异常进行了解译,并提出了3处钻孔孔位建议.     

2001-2013年洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度时空变化特征

本文基于2001-2013年MODIS NDVI多时序数据,采用像元二分模型估算了洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度,分析了区域近13年来植被覆盖度的变化特征及趋势,并结合同期气象数据,阐明了植被覆盖度变化对气候因素的响应。结果表明：（1）近13年洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度的整体变化较为稳定,呈微弱减少趋势,速率为-0.3%/10a。（2）洞庭湖流域绝大部分区域植被覆盖状况良好,植被覆盖度呈自西向东递减趋势,高植被覆盖度及中高植被覆盖度占整个流域面积的88.63%,水体或低植被覆盖度及中低植被覆盖度仅占2.57%。（3）洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度变化趋势为北部强于南部、东部强于西部。流域内植被覆盖度极显著与显著减少的面积比例为5.30%、增加面积的比例为4.29%,植被覆盖度变化不显著占90.40%。该区域植被覆盖度变化受人为因素影响更大。     

基于失稳状态耗能最小原理的预应力锚索加固边坡稳定性上限解析

基于岩土塑性极限分析上限理论的基本原理,考虑预应力锚索的加固效应,分析了单预应力锚索加固措施条件下边坡的稳定性特性,并由此探讨了多预应力锚索共同加固边坡的稳定性能量分析方法。结合强度折减技术,采用内点迭代方法和序列二次规划优化迭代法对锚固边坡安全系数目标函数进行了能量耗散最小化意义上的优化计算。典型算例的分析计算表明：锚索加固效应可以有效地提高边坡的稳定性,预应力锚索设置位置对边坡安全系数、临界滑裂面位置和锚索长度有显著影响。综合考虑锚索设置位置对边坡安全系数和锚索长度的影响,单锚索的最优设置位置应位于边坡中下部区域。采用多排锚索加固既可以保证边坡的安全储备,也可有效避免局部稳定性问题。     

一个高饱和度非饱和土的本构模型

高饱和度的非饱和土中由于气体处于封闭状态,其内部气压的变化必将对土体的行为产生影响。首先,对高饱和度非饱和土特性进行探讨和研究,随后,在已有非饱和土模型框架基础上,采用广义有效应力原理,建立一个适用于高饱和度条件下的非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型。模型中引入气相耗散的影响,在硬化方程中考虑封闭气体压力改变的影响。最后,利用已有的试验结果来对模型进行验证,并将模型预测结果与前人模型进行对比,表明模型预测可以很好地预测土体的行为,尤其是在高饱和度条件下其结果比其他模型更加接近实际情况。     

濒危植物四合木生境景观动态及其驱动因子分析

以1977 年MSS 及1990 年、2000 年、2005 年TM 影像数据为基本信息源,运用RS 与GIS 技术,选择若干相 关指标,在系统分析四合木生境景观构成动态变化及其自然与人文驱动因子变化特征的基础上,采用主成分分析 法进行了四合木生境景观动态驱动因子作用强度及其贡献率的定量分析。结果表明：28 年来四合木分布区景观构 成变化较大,其中四合木种群面积不断减少而耕地、城镇、工矿等人工景观类型不断扩张,沙地与其他植被面积扩 展明显,这与研究区旱化趋势加重、人为干扰强度加剧密切相关,且人为因素是造成四合木种群大面积减少及其生 境景观格局变化的主要外因。