流域植被对径流调节作用的实验研究

根据河北省邢台市西部山区两个小流域实验站的水文监测资料,研究了不同流域内的不同植被对径流的影响。分析了流域植被对径流的年内分配、径流系数、削减洪峰以及枯季径流量等的影响。结果表明,流域植被对涵养水源、调节径流量、增大枯季径流量起到重要作用。     

东北暖季干线统计分析

基于常规地面观测、高空观测和卫星、雷达资料,对2003—2017年中国东北地区暖季（5—8月）干线时空分布、气象要素等进行了统计分析。研究发现,东北地区干线主要出现在东北平原和辽宁西部,干线发生频率呈现南多北少的趋势。干线大多呈西南—东北向,宽度为90—120 km,长度在100—800 km。东北区域暖季年均干线发生频率为15.5%。干线发生频率年际变化不明显,年均逐旬变化显著且呈正弦曲线状,其中5月中下旬—6月下旬和8月中、下旬为波峰,干线发生频率在20%以上,7月低于10%,为波谷。干线湿侧气压相比干侧略高1 hPa,两侧温度大多在24℃以上,温差一般为1—4℃,露点梯度和比湿梯度范围分别为9.6—15℃/（100 km）和4.5—8.3 g/（kg·100 km）,相当位温梯度在9.6—19 K/（100 km）。干线两侧要素及其梯度值逐旬变化显著,其中两侧湿度、温度和湿度梯度值8月呈增大趋势,而温度梯度绝对值呈减小趋势。在共计286例干线中有40%的干线触发了对流,6月上、中旬干线触发对流比率最高（超过60%）。干线是否触发对流与其所在位置关系不大。对流干线湿度梯度略大于无对流干线。无对流干线和对流干线探空要素的最显著区别是湿侧对流有效位能值,前者在1200 J/kg以下,后者基本在1200 J/kg以上,最高甚至能达到3000 J/kg。      

江淮梅雨季亚洲阻塞高压活动统计特征

利用1960—2018年6—7月NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和同期中国国家气象站日降水量资料,对江淮梅雨季亚洲地区阻塞高压活动地理分布、关键区阻塞高压事件活动频次、生命周期以及年际和年代际变化,及其与江淮梅雨异常的关系进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）近59年江淮梅雨季（6—7月）,亚洲阻塞高压事件共计363次,其中心主要分布在乌拉尔山区域（40°—80°E）、贝加尔湖区域（80°—120°E）和鄂霍次克海区域（120°—160°E）3个关键区。（2）3个关键区阻塞高压事件的次数和累计日数由高到低依次为:鄂霍次克海、乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖区域。双阻塞形势以乌拉尔山-鄂霍次克海双阻居多,约占亚洲地区双阻日数的60%。阻塞事件的平均生命周期7 d左右,最长维持时间为13 d。（3）3个关键区总的及分区的阻塞次数和日数都有明显的年际变化并呈增加的趋势,其中线性增加趋势最为明显的是鄂霍次克海区域,与近59年江淮梅雨季的累计雨量增加趋势一致。（4）江淮梅雨季降雨量多寡与阻塞高压活动密切相关,梅雨正（负）异常年鄂霍次克海区域、乌拉尔山-鄂霍次克海双阻日数和次数显著偏多（偏少）,而乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖区域的阻塞高压事件与梅雨关系并不显著。（5）江淮梅雨季鄂霍次克海阻塞高压的日数多寡可能与前期海表温度异常信号ENSO有关。      

基于小时降水资料研究广东省降水分布特征

基于2001-2018年广东省86个国家自动气象站逐小时降水资料,分析了广东省不同历时降水的时空分布特征.结果表明：1）除粤北山区外,基本符合年均降水时数越多,累积降水量越大的规律.年均小时降水强度从南部沿海向北部内陆呈减弱趋势.2）汛期降水事件以短历时为主,占全年降水事件65.3%;累积降水量上,长历时降水量占汛期56.7%.前汛期短历时降水多发生在粤西;中历时降水多发生在珠三角两侧和粤西北地区;长历时降水多发生在粤东和粤北地区.后汛期短历时降水多发生在内陆,出现频次自西北向东南递减;中历时降水分布不均;长历时降水多发生在沿海.3）汛期降水时数日变化呈双峰型变化特征,小时降水强度日变化呈单峰型变化特征.小时降水强度峰值易出现在下午的站点多分布在内陆,小时降水强度峰值易出现在下半夜至上午时段的站点则多分布在沿海、部分山区和珠三角地区.     

动力降尺度和多物理参数化方案组合对华南前汛期降水集合预报的影响研究

针对华南前汛期降水过程,基于全球集合预报系统（GEFS）资料,利用WRF中尺度模式以及GEFS动力降尺度获取的区域集合预报初值场,通过多物理过程参数化方案组合和模式积分方法实现华南前汛期降水的区域集合预报。对2019年5月15日—6月15日共32天的华南前汛期降水过程进行了单一物理过程区域集合预报（REFS_SINGLE）和多物理过程区域集合预报（REFS_MULTI）的数值模拟批量敏感性试验,通过GEFS、REFS_SINGLE和REFS_MULTI的对比分析,探讨多物理过程参数化方案组合对华南前汛期降水的影响,同时利用一次华南前汛期暴雨过程进一步探讨集合预报试验的预报效果。结果表明:（1）REFS集合平均的预报效果明显好于控制性预报。（2）REFS降水集合离散度与预报误差的对应关系好于GEFS。（3）积分48小时后,REFS_MULTI和REFS_SINGLE的扰动能量分别是GEFS的4.7倍和6.3倍。（4）降水级别越大,REFS的TS评分效果就越好于GEFS;REFS_MULTI略微好于REFS_SINGLE。（5）基于32天的批量试验,REFS的AUC值有28天大于GEFS,REFS_MULTI有22天大于REFS_SINGLE,表明REFS的预报技巧好于GEFS,且REFS_MULTI的预报技巧好于REFS_SINGLE。      

Different characteristics of the structure of atmospheric boundary layer between dry and rainy periods over the northern Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, based on in-situ observational data of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP-Tibet), structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) was preliminarily studied during the dry and rainy seasons. The main results show: (a) Diurnal variation of the ABL is obvious over the northern Tibetan Plateau area. The height of the ABL is different with the season change, which ranges from 2,211 m to 4,430 m during the pre-monsoon season and from 1,006 m to 2,212 m during the monsoon season. The ABL height is higher during the dry period than during the rainy period. (b) The humidity is lower during the dry period than during the rainy period, and there are reverse humidity during both periods. (c) Horizontal wind direction is mostly west during the dry period, east under the height of 2,500 m and west above the height of 2,500 m during the rainy period. The wind speed is low during both the rainy and dry periods in the lower ABL layer. The wind speed is stronger within the upper ABL during the dry period than during the rainy period.     

INFLUENCE OF SEA－AIR INTERACTION ON THEDISCHARGE OF FLOOD SEASON IN THEUPPER REACHES OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

ＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＳＥＡ－ＡＩＲＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＤＩＳＣＨＡＲＧＥＯＦＦＬＯＯＤＳＥＡＳＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＵＰＰＥＲＲＥＡＣＨＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧＲＩＶＥＲＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｐｉｎｇ（章新平）（ＬａｎｚｈｏｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕ...     

The impact of storm events on solute exports from a glaciated forested watershed in western New York,USA

This study analysed the importance of precipitation events from May 2003 to April 2004 on surface water chemistry and solute export from a 696 ha glaciated forested watershed in western New York State, USA. The specific objectives of the study were to determine: (a) the temporal patterns of solutes within individual storm events; (b) the impact of precipitation events on seasonal and annual export budgets; and (c) how solute concentrations and loads varied for precipitation events among seasons as functions of storm intensity and antecedent moisture conditions. Analysis of solute trajectories showed that NH₄⁺, total Al and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) peaked on the hydrograph rising limb, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations peaked following the discharge peak. Sulphate and base‐cations displayed a dilution pattern with a minimum around peak discharge. End‐member mixing analysis showed that throughfall contributions were highest on the rising limb, whereas valley‐bottom riparian waters peaked following the discharge peak. The trajectories of NO₃^? concentrations varied with season, indicating the influence of biotic processes on the generation, and hence flux, of this solute. Storm events had the greatest impact on the annual budgets for NH₄⁺, K⁺, total dissolved Al, DON and DOC. Storm events during summer had the greatest impact on seasonal solute budgets. Summer events had the highest hourly discharges and high concentrations of solutes. However, NO₃^? and DOC exports during a spring snowmelt event were considerably more than those observed for large events during other periods of the year. Comparisons among storms showed that season, precipitation amount, and antecedent moisture conditions affected solute concentrations and loads. Concentrations of solutes were elevated for storms that occurred after dry antecedent conditions. Seven of the largest storms accounted for only 15% of the annual discharge, but were responsible for 34%, 19%, 64%, 13%, 39% and 24% of the annual exports of NH₄⁺, K⁺, Al, NO₃^?, DON and DOC respectively. These results suggest that the intense and infrequent storms predicted for future climate‐change scenarios will likely increase the exports of solutes like DOC, DON, NH₄⁺, Al and K⁺ from watersheds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2015年广东开汛前后旱涝急转特征及成因分析

利用1961—2015年广东86站3—5月逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA的Hysplit后向轨迹模式资料和海温资料,分析了2015年广东开汛前后旱涝异常特征,旱涝急转前后的大气环流和水汽条件转变及成因。(1) 2015年5月第1候广东发生了严重的旱涝急转事件,旱涝急转前全省严重干旱,旱涝急转后广东大部地区降水异常偏多。(2) 旱涝急转前后,500 hPa中高纬度由“两槽两脊”转为“两脊一槽”和“两槽一脊”,副高持续加强,广东地区高层辐散和低层辐合加强,地面由冷空气控制广东转为冷暖空气在广东交汇;水汽输送通道由北部湾和长江中下游地区转为南海南部和中南半岛南部海面,广东低层水汽净流入增加。 (3) 黑潮区、北太平洋中部、Ni?o3、Ni?o4区及印度洋和南海的海温异常增暖造成了旱涝急转前后大气环流和水汽的转变。