Origin,discovery, exploration and development status and prospect of global natural hydrogen under the background of “carbon neutrality”

Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy, to solve future energy problems, cope with climate change, and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050. Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality. At present, the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon (such as coal and natural gas) reforming and by electrolysis of water, while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started. According to this literature review: (1) Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories, including free hydrogen, hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen; (2) natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation, water-rock reaction or water radiolysis; (3) natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential, and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about (254±91)×10⁹ m³/a according to a latest estimate; (4) at present, natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali, and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia, Brazil, the United States and some European countries, to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration. Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern. Based on a thorough literature review, this study introduced the origin, classification, and global discovery of natural hydrogen, as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development, aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

PLAM指数跟踪方法对中国沙尘天气过程及其波动变化特征的研究

采用1980-2011年气象台站地面气象要素观测资料、高空探空资料,时间和空间加密气象观测站资料,以及中国气象档案馆原始天气图表等资料,基于沙尘气溶胶浓度（PM₁₀）潜势源地贡献函数PSCF（Potential source contribution function）的沙尘系统追踪方法,发展空气质量气象条件PLAM（……）指数对沙尘天气过程的路径跟踪,给出1980-2011年东北亚沙尘天气过程特征分布;采用Spline趋势分析,讨论沙尘天气系统强度的年变化特征。结果表明：基于气溶胶浓度PSCF函数和气象条件PLAM指数追踪得出,中国和东亚地区沙尘天气过程年际强度变化并非单调减弱,具有历史持续性与转折突变性并存的波状变化趋势,出现准10 a的高低频活动特征。     

1961-2010年青海高原蒸发皿蒸发量变化及其对水资源的影响

利用1961-2010年青海省气象观测资料,分析了青海高原近50年蒸发皿蒸发量的时空分布特征和变化趋势,并采用偏相关及主成分分析法,探讨了青海高原蒸发皿蒸发量变化的气候成因及其对水资源的影响。结果表明：近50 a来青海高原蒸发皿蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,它是热力、水分、动力因子综合作用的结果,在三类因子中,动力及水分因子对蒸发皿蒸发量的影响较大,而热力因子相对较小;区域分析表明,影响东部农业区和柴达木盆地蒸发量的主导因子是平均风速和相对湿度,三江源区为相对湿度,而唐古拉山区为气温日较差。通过分析黄河上游可能蒸散量与地表水资源的关系发现,蒸散量对地表水资源的负效应十分显著,其中夏季蒸散量对于平均流量的影响最为显著,而秋季平均流量对蒸散量的响应最为敏感。     

黄土高原大孔径闪烁仪观测特征量T*的研究

基于黄土高原定西站2009年9月大孔L径闪烁仪(LAS)的观测数据,结合涡动相关系统(EC)和梯度塔的同步观测资料,分析了LAS和EC在测量感热通量过程中的温度特征尺度T*及其差异与近地层气象要素风向、位温梯度和稳定度等的关系.结果表明,黄土高原下垫面LAS测量的T*LAS和EC测量的T*EC有很好的相关性,相关系数达到0.955,拟合的线性趋势系数是1.482.对9月进行风向统计,主风向为NNE和SE,NNE风向上T*LAS和T*EC的相关系数是0.960,拟合的线性趋势系数是1.349,SE风向上T* LAS和T*EC的相关系数是0.968,拟合的线性趋势系数是1.619,风向对T*有显著影响.位温梯度与T*呈很好的线性相关关系,T*LAS相较于T*EC与位温梯度有更好的相关性.当稳定度z/L＜1.5时,T*LAS/T*EC随着z/L的增大雨减小;当z/L＞1.5时,T*LAS/T*EC随着z/L的增大而增大.T* LAS/T*EC的变化范围随着z/L的增大逐渐变小,当z/L增大到4后,T*LAS/T*EC开始保持较小的变化范围.     

组合压气机中尾迹与势流同频/异频干涉的叠加特性

为揭示多级压气机中上下游叶轮对中间叶片叠加气动影响特性,阐述不同叠加干涉情况下下游叶轮进气角度变化,采用数值方法模拟了一级轴流和一级离心组成的组合压气机非定常流场。详细讨论了上游动叶尾迹和下游动叶势流对中间导流叶栅段气流非定常流动的异频和同频叠加干涉特性,依据计算结果,直观地展示了静叶通道中两种干涉间相互激励和抑制作用的位置和时间,与数学公式的推导结果相互印证。研究结果表明:当上下游动叶对中间静叶段异频干涉时,干涉的激励、抑制区域的轴向位置随时间发生变化;当上下游动叶对中间静叶干涉频率相同时,干涉的相互激励、抑制区域的轴向位置不随时间发生变化,但干涉的激励、抑制区域的轴向位置受时序位置影响。另外,上游动叶尾迹与下游离心叶轮势流的不同叠加情况,决定着下游离心叶轮进口相对气流角的大小及波动幅值。      

大理州潜在蒸散量的计算及应用

利用云南大理州12个气象站1961—2010年气温、日照、风速、蒸发量等观测资料,运用彭曼—蒙蒂斯公式计算大理州潜在蒸散量及湿润度指数,并对大理州潜在蒸散量的时空分布特征进行分析,对干旱情况进行评价。结果表明,大理州潜在蒸散量东部大,南部次之,北部最小。月潜在蒸散量5月最大,12月最小,1—5月递增,5—12月递减。1994—2010的平均潜在蒸散量明显大于1961—1993年。大理州潜在蒸散量与降水量、水汽压、气温、净辐射呈显著正相关关系,与风速没有明显的相关关系。正常年份大理州11月至次年5月都存在不同程度的干旱。     

黄河三角洲农牧业生产潜力

本文从对黄河三角洲的宜农地和宜牧地的分析入手,对该区农作物生产潜力、牧草及载畜量潜力进行了探讨。并针对目前农牧业生产水平和存在的问题,提出了相应的对策。     

海南岛“0810”特大暴雨物理量诊断及多普勒特征分析

应用常规观测、海口多普勒回波及NCEP1×1°再分析等资料,对2008年10月12～15日海南特大暴雨成因进行诊断分析,并揭示了暴雨过程中的多普勒回波特征。结果表明：导致海南岛产生强降水的主要原因是热带低压移动缓慢和弱冷空气的低层入侵;当冷暖空气交绥,大气温湿结构发生突变,θse面陡立造成对流系统斜压发展,激发位势不稳定能量释放。正差动假相当位温平流意味着低层暖湿空气的平流大于高层,加强了层结对流不稳定发展;在斜压扰动作用下,对流层中层正差动涡度平流和低压东侧的暖平流破坏了海南岛的准地转平衡,动力强迫和热力强迫共同作用激发了次级环流,导致暴雨区上空的垂直运动的发展,促使暴雨增强。充沛的水汽输送及水汽的强烈辐合,为暴雨发生的有利水汽条件。多普勒径向速度揭示了暴雨区低层冷平流高层暖平流、风向风速的垂直切变大的垂直结构以及持续性的强烈辐合等等特征,回波停滞和＂列车效应＂使降水增幅,降水回波的性质差异,可造成强降水区域分布的不同。     

Formation of intrathermocline eddies at ocean fronts by wind-driven destruction of potential vorticity

A mechanism for the generation of intrathermocline eddies (ITEs) at wind-forced fronts is examined using a high resolution numerical simulation. Favorable conditions for ITE formation result at fronts forced by “down-front” winds, i.e. winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet. Down-front winds exert frictional forces that reduce the potential vorticity (PV) within the surface boundary in the frontal outcrop, providing a source for the low-PV water that is the materia prima of ITEs. Meandering of the front drives vertical motions that subduct the low-PV water into the pycnocline, pooling it into the coherent anticyclonic vortex of a submesoscale ITE. As the fluid is subducted along the outcropping frontal isopycnal, the low-PV water, which at the surface is associated with strongly baroclinic flow, re-expresses itself as water with nearly zero absolute vorticity. This generation of strong anticyclonic vorticity results from the tilting of the horizontal vorticity of the frontal jet, not from vortex squashing. During the formation of the ITE, high-PV water from the pycnocline is upwelled alongside the subducting low-PV surface water. The positive correlation between the ITE’s velocity and PV fields results in an upward, along-isopycnal eddy PV flux that scales with the surface frictional PV flux driven by the wind. The relationship between the eddy and wind-induced frictional PV flux is nonlocal in time, as the eddy PV flux persists long after the wind forcing is shut off. The ITE’s PV flux affects the large-scale flow by driving an eddy-induced transport or bolus velocity down the outcropping isopycnal layer with a magnitude that scales with the Ekman velocity.     

“海棠”台风(2005)暴雨过程数值模拟及位涡分析

采用WRF模式对2005年"海棠"台风登陆福建省前后24h内所造成的降水过程进行了数值模拟,在此基础上,利用模式输出结果,借助位涡理论分析位涡与台风低压流场及降水的关系,并结合对风场、相当位温、相对湿度等诊断量的分布特征分析,探讨了台风强降水的发展和维持机制。结果表明,310K等熵面上高位涡发展演变较好反映了台风低压系统路径移动以及强度变化的过程。暴雨中心主要出现在位涡大值区及其偏东北方向,且位涡气块回旋少动,与暴雨的发展维持密切相关。高位涡区主要位于等熵面坡度和梯度最大处,当等熵面上下贯通,对流层高层的高位涡沿等熵面下传,形成位涡柱时,有利于暴雨增幅。台风环流内水汽充足,上升运动强烈,也有助于此次台风降水强度持续强大。