新疆阿拉套山花岗岩类高εNd值的成因探讨

新疆阿拉套山广泛出露的华力西期花岗岩类的一般岩石学和地球化学性质可与我国以及世界上大部分地区出露的花岗岩相类比,但其ε_Nd(t)高,为+2.2-+3.2,其中一部分花岗岩的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)也高,可达0.715.这可能是壳幔物质AFC式混合的结果,也可能是准噶尔地块及其两缘特殊地质环境的反映。     

滇西北鲁甸花岗岩的特征

鲁甸花岗岩侵位于上三叠统崔依比组,又被上三叠统石钟山组不整合覆盖,为印支期花岗岩。主要由黑云母二长花岗岩和角闪黑云母二长花岗岩组成,边缘相有少量黑云斜长花岗岩出露。副矿物以磁铁矿为主。多数含有标准矿物刚玉。它是介于Ⅰ型和S型之间的一种花岗岩类型,大体相当于加里东型岩体。     

强力侵位花岗岩体与金矿的关系——以丹东三股流岩体为例

辽宁丹东五龙金矿、四道沟金矿位于五龙背—大堡花岗岩体与三股流花岗岩体之间,成矿作用与三股流岩体密切。据分析,这两个岩体的岩浆来源相同,岩石化学性质相似,岩体侵位时间相当,且同处于丹东北东向韧性剪切带内,但由于岩体侵位时受控的局部构造环境不同,导致岩体以不同的方式侵位。三股流岩体在韧性推覆剪切带发展演化过程中沿剪切面理以气球膨胀式强力侵位;而五龙背—大堡岩体则是沿该剪切带晚期发育的北西向脆性张裂面被动侵位。不同方式侵位的岩体具有不同的成岩环境,从而在一定程度上控制岩浆气水溶液的分离和聚集。强力侵位的花岗岩体在成岩过程中具有较好的封闭条件,因此可能有利于成矿热液的分泌、聚集和保存,而被动侵位的花岗岩体则不具备这种有利的成矿条件。     

Immiscible phases of magmatic fluid and their relation to Be and Mo mineralization at the Yermakovka F–Be deposit, Transbaikalia, Russia

Melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from the peralkaline granite intrusion and associated mineralized country rocks from the Yermakovka F–Be deposit were studied to characterize the behaviour of trace elements and exsolved fluids in the transition from magmatic to hydrothermal processes. Ore mineralization was mostly due to volatile release from a deep-seated pluton for which crystallization history and fluid exsolution can be tracked by three batches of magma (Gr1→Gr3) intruded at the level of the ore deposition to form the Yermakovka stock. Each batch of the sequential granite group is found to intrude at decreasing temperature (from 840 to 730 °C) and progressively increasing extent of crystallization of magma in the parental pluton. This resulted in the enrichment of the ascending melts in H₂O (3.9 to 6.1 wt.%), F (2.6 to 4.1 wt.%) and some incompatible elements (Zr, Nb, Th, Rb, Pb). Although the earliest evidence for the exsolution of homogeneous fluoride–sulphate brine correlates with the final stage of the Gr2 ascent, the most intensive volatile(s) release from the emplaced magmas is shown to occur during their in situ crystallization, which was associated with the separation of exsolved fluid into immiscible phases, brine and low-salinity solution. Compositions of these fluid phases are determined using atomic emission spectroscopy of the appropriate fluid inclusions opened by a laser microprobe and EMPA and SEM–EDS analyses of daughter crystals. The brine phase is enriched in Mo, Mn, Be (up to 17, 8, and 0.3 g/kg, respectively) and contains perceptible abundances of Ce, La, Pb, Zn, whereas the low-salinity phase is enriched only in Be (up to 0.6 g/kg). The selective mobilization of the metals from the melt into fluids is considered to result from the oxidized state of the melt and fluids, peralkalinity of the melt during crystallization, and high F content of the melt. The immiscible fluid phases are shown to migrate together through the solidifying stock giving rise to the albitized granite that is enriched in molybdenite but devoid of Be minerals. In the country rocks, solutions similar to the brine and low-salinity phases of the magmatic fluid made up separate fluid flows, which produced Be and Mo mineralization and were issued predominantly from the parental pluton. Both types of mineralization are nearly monometallic which suggests that of the metals, jointly transported by the brine, only Mo and, in part, Ce and La precipitated separately at the level where the low-salinity solutions deposited Be ores.     

Diapiric emplacement in the upper crust of a granitic body: the La Bazana granite (SW Spain)

The ascent and emplacement of granites in the upper crust is a major geological phenomenon accomplished by a number of different processes. The active processes determine the final geometry of the bodies and, in some favourable cases, the inverse problem of deducing mechanisms can be undertaken by relying on the geometry of plutons. This is the case of the La Bazana granitic pluton, a small Variscan igneous body that intruded Cambrian rocks of the Ossa-Morena Zone (SW Iberian Massif) in the core of a large late upright antiform. The granite shows no appreciable solid-state deformation, but has a late magmatic foliation whose orientation, derived from field observations, defines a gentle dome. The regional attitude of the main foliation in the country rock (parallel to the axial plane of recumbent folds) is NW–SE, but just around the granite, it accommodates to the dome shape of the pluton. Flattening in the host rock on top of the granite is indicated by boudinaged and folded veins, and appears to be caused by an upward pushing of the magma during its emplacement. The dome-shaped foliation of the granite, geometrically and kinematically congruent with the flattening in the host rock, can be related in the same way to the upward pushing of the magma. The level of final emplacement was deduced from the mineral associations in the thermal aureole to be of 7–10 km in depth. Models of the gravity anomaly related to the granite body show that the granite has a teardrop–pipe shape enlarged at its top. Diapiric ascent of the magma through the lower middle crust is inferred until reaching a high viscous level, where final emplacement accompanied by lateral expansion and vertical flattening took place. This natural example suggests that diapirism may be a viable mechanism for migration and emplacement of magmas, at least up to 7–10 km in depth, and it provides natural evidence for theoretical discussion on the ability of magmatic diapirs to pierce the crust.     

西秦岭温泉花岗岩岩石化学特征及岩浆混合信息

西秦岭温泉岩体是壳幔混浆的产物。寄主岩石以贫CaO富FeOtot为特征 ,ANKC值大于 1 1 ,NK A值均小于 0 9,属铝过饱和钙碱性系列岩石 ,系上地壳碎屑岩类熔融而成。基性端元暗色微细粒镁铁质包体及基性岩墙 ,高Na2 O及K2 O ,而贫FeOtot。两类岩浆混合形成的混浆花岗岩 ,岩石地球化学介于两个端元并有显著的过渡特征和依从关系反映了重要的岩浆混合信息     

苗儿山花岗岩体单元—超单元特征及其定位机制

根据苗儿山花岗岩体单元－超单元新理论将苗儿岩体划分为13个单元，归并为两个超单元，两个独立单元。不同单元、超单元的性质特征揭示了不同构造期古老岩石重熔的岩浆，沿北东向基底断裂上侵在隆起核部冷凝成岩的演化规律。雪峰期形成猫儿界单元线浅成相裂隙喷溢型火山岩；加里东期以NE向基底断裂的中心式扩展定位形成中深成相黄金超单元主体，自中心往外，岩体由新至老分布；印支－燕山期延续 了加里东期岩浆活动特征；因环状裂隙影响，印支期光旺岭单元侵入体总体呈NE向展布，且以加里东期岩浆侵位中心呈半环状排列；燕山期八角亭超单元3个NE向带，是岩浆呈岩墙式扩张定位的具体表现。     

拉萨地块南缘晚白垩世角闪辉长岩、花岗斑岩副矿物微量元素特征对成岩成矿的指示

拉萨地块南缘记录了新特提斯洋俯冲到印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及碰撞后的岩浆作用,其中晚白垩世的岩浆作用对研究印度-欧亚大陆碰撞前成岩成矿作用具有重要的意义。本文以拉萨地块南缘100Ma的角闪辉长岩和68Ma花岗斑岩的锆石、磷灰石、榍石为研究对象,利用背散射、阴极发光(CL)、电子探针(EPMA)和LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析等方法,查明锆石、磷灰石、榍石的主、微量元素特征,进一步反演岩石源区性质、结晶历史及结晶条件,并对岩体含矿性进行评价,有助于探讨冈底斯成矿带晚白垩世岩浆成因机制和成矿潜力。研究结果表明,角闪辉长岩锆石初始饱和温度为598～626℃,锆石Ti结晶温度为645～758℃,磷灰石饱和温度为690～819℃,榍石Zr温度为602～778℃;磷灰石具有中等-弱的负铕异常(δEu=0. 67)、富集LREE,早期高温阶段锆石的结晶主要受到磷灰石结晶影响,随着温度降低,受到少量榍石结晶的影响;角闪辉长岩中的锆石在低的Hf、温度较高时却具有较高的Th、U含量显示岩浆源区受到更多俯冲板片出溶流体的影响,磷灰石具有较高的(La/Sm)N值以及Sr含量低于主岩,显示岩浆源区均一、熔体富Cl特征。花岗斑岩的锆石初始饱和温度为704～736℃,锆石Ti温度为630～799℃,磷灰石饱和温度为846～891℃,结合锆石的Ce/Sm、Yb/Gd以及磷灰石较大的负铕异常(δEu=0. 29),显示花岗斑岩中的锆石从高温到低温阶段都受到磷灰石和榍石的共同结晶影响,磷灰石的结晶受到斜长石影响;花岗斑岩中大部分锆石Ti结晶温度高于其初始饱和温度,磷灰石Sr-Ap/Sr-WR为0. 78～1. 45,具有较高的F/Cl(32. 87～67. 60)、低的(La/Sm)N,指示花岗斑岩岩浆源区不均一,受到多期岩浆熔体的脉冲式灌入并加入了更多镁铁质的岩浆熔体,其熔体具有低的Cl。此外,花岗斑岩锆石具有较高的Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)、磷灰石具有较高的SO_3、熔体中更富S,指示花岗斑岩具有高的氧逸度和成矿潜力。本文研究结果表明结合锆石、磷灰石和榍石微量元素特征可有效指示岩浆岩的源区组成、结晶历史、结晶条件以及成矿潜力,为岩石学的研究提供了一个新的思路。     

新疆云雾岭地区花岗岩主量元素特征及构造环境判别

新疆云雾岭地区花岗岩主量元素特征显示其为高钾钙碱性偏铝质—弱过铝质A型花岗岩,是巴颜喀拉地体抬升阶段早中期(侏罗纪)岩浆作用的产物。构造环境判别为POG型花岗岩,是大陆地壳后造山阶段向板內阶段转换时期的物质反映。     

我国花岗岩研究的回顾与展望

本文中回顾了８０年代以来国内花岗岩研究的概况。阐述了造山带花岗岩的形成和演化,次火山花岗岩的特征,Ａ－型花岗岩的成因,花岗岩形成过程中的岩浆混合作用、玄武岩浆底侵作用与花岗岩形成的联系以及花岗岩的实验岩石学研究方面的问题。展望了下一世纪花岗岩研究的某些趋向。