Pore structure of Cambrian shales from the Sichuan Basin in China and implications to gas storage

The microstructure of black siliceous shale from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, Sichuan Basin in China was investigated by the combination of field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and argon ion beam milling. The nanometer-to micrometer-scale pore systems of shales are an important control on gas storage and fluid migration. In this paper, the organic porosity in shale samples within oil and gas window has been investigated, and the formation mechanism and diagenetic evolution of nanopores have been researched.FE-SEM reveals five pore types that are classified as follows: organic nanopores, pores in clay minerals, nanopores of framework minerals, intragranular pores in microfossils, and microfractures. Numerous organic nanopores are observed in shales in the gas window, whereas microfractures can be seen within the organic matter of shales in the oil window. Microfractures in oil window shales could be attributed to pressure buildup in the organic matter when incompressible liquid hydrocarbon are generated, and the orientation of microfractures is probably parallel to the bedding and strength anisotropy of the formation. Pores in clay minerals are always associated with the framework of clay flakes, and develop around rigid mineral grains because the pressure shadows of mineral grains protect pores from collapse, and the increasing of silt content would lead to an increase in pressure shadows and improve porosity. Nanopores of rock framework are probably related to dissolution by acidic fluids from hydrocarbon generation, and the dissolution-related pores promote permeability of shales. Porosity in the low-TOC, low-thermal-maturity shales contrast greatly with those of high-TOC, high-thermal-maturity shales. While the high-TOC shales contain abundant organic microporosity, the inorganic pores can contribute a lot to the porosity of the low-TOC shales.     

土壤质地与埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物出苗的影响研究

在田间条件下,研究了3种土壤质地与5个埋深对白刺群落主要伴生植物苦豆子、黄花矶松、沙蒿、油蒿和红砂出苗的影响,为白刺群落恢复、优良植物的筛选及其种群扩展提供理论依据与技术支撑。试验研究表明,尽管白刺群落主要伴生植物在田间的出苗率均较低,但各植物的出苗能力明显不同。土壤质地仅对伴生植物苦豆子、沙蒿和黄花矶松出苗有显著影响,而埋深处理对伴生植物出苗均有显著影响。不同土壤质地与埋深处理的平均出苗率以苦豆子最高,红砂、沙蒿和黄花矶松次之,油蒿最低;不同土壤质地的最高出苗率,沙土以沙蒿最大,沙壤土以黄花矶松最大,黏土以红砂最大;出苗适宜埋深,苦豆子为1.0~2.0 cm,沙蒿、黄花矶松、油蒿和红砂为0.5 cm。研究结果表明,选择适宜的植物及其人工促进技术对退化白刺固沙植被的恢复至关重要。     

一种基于纹理和光谱特征的高光谱影像信息向量机分类方法

针对高光谱影像中空间特征信息利用不足的问题,提出了一种基于纹理和光谱特征的高光谱影像信息向量机分类方法。该方法首先采用三维Gabor滤波器对高光谱影像数据立方体进行纹理特征提取,提取后的影像数据同时具有光谱和纹理特征,避免了传统纹理特征提取带来的高维特征和光谱不连续的问题;然后采用分类精度和效率都较高的信息向量机进行分类处理。通过AVIRIS高光谱影像实验,结果表明该方法不仅提高了影像的分类精度,而且还消除了分类结果图中的类别噪声现象。     

构造对砂岩孔隙演化的控制--以塔里木中部地区东河砂岩为例

塔里木中部地区东河砂岩孔隙大多为原生和次生混合孔隙,次生孔隙的形成与该区南、北两侧坳陷烃源岩成熟排出的酸性水有关,孔隙(包括原生的和次生的)在演化过程中始终受构造作用的控制:早期构造运动形成的塔中Ⅰ号断裂是酸性水从烃源岩注入储集岩的重要通道;古构造格局与演化控制了酸性流体运移路径和方向,最终控制了溶蚀作用和次生孔隙的分布位置;长期继承性的构造高部位比在短时期的构造高部位溶蚀发育物性好;构造高部位捕获烃类致使(原生或次生)孔隙保存下来。后期构造作用破坏油藏,烃类泄漏散失,孔隙重新释放,被晚期碳酸盐胶结而消失。构造在孔隙的形成、保存和消失这一演化过程中始终起着控制作用。     

志丹油田正356井区三叠系延长组长6储层特征研究

针对志丹油田正356井区长6油层段，对其储层岩石学、储层物性、孔隙结构及储层控制因素等进行了研究。该层段储层岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩，成分成熟度低，结构成熟度高；岩石物性总体较差，属低孔、低渗储层，发育粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙、晶间孔等孔隙类型，喉道以细喉-微喉为主；沉积作用发生后，成岩作用控制着储层孔隙结构特征及储层物性。根据岩性和物性特征，该区储集岩分为3类：Ⅰ类为好储集层，Ⅱ类为较好储集层，Ⅲ类为较差储集层。     

An experimental study of seabed responses around a marine pipeline under wave and current conditions

Experiments on three types of soil (d₅₀=0.287, 0.057 and 0.034 mm) with pipeline(D=4 cm) either half buried or resting on the seabed under regular wave or combined with current actions were conducted in a large wave flume to investigate characteristics of soil responses. The pore pressures were measured through the soil depth and across the pipeline. When pipeline is present the measured pore pressures in sandy soil nearby the pipeline deviate considerably from that predicted by the poro-elasticity theory. The buried pipeline seems to provide a degree of resistance to soil liquefaction in the two finer soil seabeds. In the silt bed, a negative power relationship was found between maximum values of excess pore pressure p_max and test intervals under the same wave conditions due to soil densification and dissipation of the pore pressure. In the case of wave combined with current, pore pressures in sandy soil show slightly decrease with time, whereas in silt soil, the current causes an increase in the excess pore pressure build-up, especially at the deeper depth. Comparing liquefaction depth with scour depth underneath the pipeline indicates that the occurrence of liquefaction is accompanied with larger scour depth under the same pipeline-bed configuration.     

小波变换与FCM聚类的QuickBird影像特征空间识别分析

遥感影像分类是应用遥感影像进行地学分析等其他应用的重要准备工作,它的精度将直接影响到后续的分析工作。纹理特征对于提高高分辨率遥感影像的分类精度具有重要意义,小波变换的"时-频"分析方法在遥感影像纹理分析方面有着独特的优势。本文采用QuickBird影像,利用小波分解得到影像的纹理特征,结合光谱响应值组成特征空间,再利用模糊C均值聚类方法对影像进行分类。实验结果显示:加入了纹理特征的影像分类精度有所提高,同时,同一类地物的内部均一性有所改善。小波分析对于细微纹理特征的提取效果比粗纹理要好。     

江西武山铜矿床海底喷流与岩浆热液叠加成矿作用: 控矿地质条件、矿石结构构造与矿床地球化学制约

长江中下游成矿带存在一套产于泥盆系五通组砂岩和石炭系黄龙组白云质灰岩层间的层状含铜硫化物矿体,对其成因存在很大争议。本文以产出典型层状矿体的武山铜矿为解剖重点,结合区域控矿地质要素、矿石结构构造特征及矿石中黄铁矿的稀土元素地球化学,提出层状矿体是海底喷流同生沉积与岩浆热液叠加成矿作用的产物。对武山铜矿层状矿体中的胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿、矽卡岩矿体中黄铁矿和脉状矿体中黄铁矿进行的稀土元素含量分析发现,从层状矿体胶黄铁矿、层状矿体黄铁矿、到矽卡岩和脉状矿体黄铁矿,稀土总量和稀土配分曲线显示递变规律,即层状矿体胶黄铁矿具有较低的稀土总量和轻重稀土分异不明显的较平坦型配分曲线;而矽卡岩和脉状矿体黄铁矿具有较高的稀土总量和轻重稀土分异较明显的右倾型配分曲线。层状矿体黄铁矿的稀土特征则介于两者之间,反映了岩浆热液的叠加作用。根据矿物组合共生关系及矿石结构构造的研究,可将武山铜矿黄铁矿分为3个期次:I期为微球粒、草莓状、条带状、纹层状沉积型黄铁矿; II期为半自形、自形粒状和港湾状黄铁矿,可见与长英质斑晶、岩屑或晶屑凝灰岩伴生或共生, 说明黄铁矿形成与同沉积期火山凝灰岩的密切关系。III期为块状、粗晶状、碎裂状黄铁矿。黄铜矿的形成晚于I、II期黄铁矿,成微粒状、脉状交错穿插或包裹早期球粒状、粒状黄铁矿及长英质矿物。对新发现的灰泥丘构造的详细研究表明,武山铜矿中含矿的灰泥丘与武山外围乌石街出露的不含矿的灰泥丘具有不同的特征,其中前者具有封闭的孔洞系统,而后者为开放的孔洞系统。总之,武山铜矿控矿地质条件、矿石结构构造及不同类型矿石黄铁矿的稀土元素证据表明矿床存在两期成矿事件,即海西期海底喷流同生沉积成矿期和燕山期岩浆热液叠加成矿期。     

植被信息的Landsat8卫星影像提取方法

传统植被信息提取的信息源多以TM/ETM+等影像为主,在如何应用Landsat8影像提取高精度的植被信息方面研究较匮乏。针对上述问题,该文应用大理市Landsat8影像开展了植被信息提取方法研究。研究过程中通过对原始波段组合法、主成分分量组合法、衍生波段组合法、直接解译法提取结果进行对比分析,确定最佳波段组合;之后将纹理信息作为最佳波段组合影像新的波段,与光谱信息一同分类,并对结果进行分析。研究结果表明,添加纹理能够在一定程度上提高植被信息提取的精度。     

基于核磁共振实验的低渗透砂岩岩电参数分类及应用——以东营凹陷南坡沙四段为例

低渗透砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂, 储层有效性识别及饱和度准确计算难度较大.笔者以东营凹陷南坡沙四段（Es4）低渗透砂岩为研究对象, 根据压汞、物性、薄片及核磁等资料, 将研究区孔隙结构分为三大类、五小类.在岩样孔隙结构分类基础上, 明确了孔隙结构类型与岩电参数之间存在确定的关系, 而核磁共振T2谱定量特征参数在一定程度上能够表征孔隙结构类型及其细节信息, 通过提取T2谱中T2几何平均值（T2g）、T2均值（）、峰度（KG）、可动流体分量（Smf）及区间孔隙分量等孔隙结构参数, 建立了基于核磁T2谱特征参数的孔隙结构识别图版, 显示核磁T2谱孔隙结构参数对不同类型的储层有较好的识别效果, 进而探讨核磁孔隙结构参数和岩电参数之间的关系, 结果表明, T2谱峰度值与孔隙胶结指数（m）值相关性较高, 进一步确定了岩电参数m的核磁计算公式.最终, 将该套方法应用于研究区井筒剖面中, 有效地提高了饱和度计算精度, 也为东营凹陷南坡低渗透砂岩油藏储量估算与高效开发提供了依据.