微齿喜马拉雅低额溞生长及种群增长的研究

于1990年6月在哈尔滨市东北林业大学实验林场一水池中采到微齿喜马拉雅低额溞，根据实验结果应用生物统计学方法对它的生长和种群增长进行研究。结果表明，在不同温度条件下性成熟时间与水温的关系为，雌性（10-30°C）：h=8072t^-1.313（r=0.985, P＜0.01）；雄性（5-25°C）：h=1074t^-0.855（r=0.9844，P＜0.01）。在20±1°C条件下，其体长增长模型为：l_t=3.334-2.7345e^-0.1117t。龄期（x）与年龄（t，d）的关系为：雌体：t=0.07169x²＋1.3808x-1.7361；雄体：t=0.8425x²＋2.534x-1.8600。内禀增长率（r_m）为0.4076。种群增长呈“logistic”型，其方程式为：y=3625/[1+e^{(3.848-0.164t)}]。     

Life Cycle of Liocarcinus arcuatus (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain): Role of Beach and Mussel Raft Culture Areas

Abstract. The population biology of the portunid crab Liocarcinus arcuatus is analyzed over a yearly cycle in beach zones and mussel raft culture areas in the Ria de Arousa.
The breeding cycle of this species has two annual peaks, which result in two annual cohorts that are recruited in different areas. The growth rate is higher in the group settled in spring than in autumn, and, especially, in the culture areas compared with the beach zones. There are movements from the beach zones to the raft polygons related to reproductive and feeding behavior as well as growth. The role of mussel culture in the dynamics of this species is discussed.     

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)不同种群的杂合性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaserrata) 6个自然种群杂合体缺乏及过量情况 ;进行了 1 1种等位酶的电泳检测和谱带遗传分析 ,在所研究的锯缘青蟹 2 2个等位酶位点和 30个等位基因中 ,有 7个位点是多态的 ,分别为Est 1、Est 2 (在此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为单态 )、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2、Mdh 2 (在此位点厦门锯缘青蟹为多态 )、Mdh 3,在这些位点有 2— 3个等位基因。结果表明 ,宁海和三亚种群的Est 1和Est 2位点、厦门种群的Est 1和Mdh 2位点、深圳和北海种群的Est 1位点符合H W平衡标准 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;连江种群的Est 1位点显著偏离H W平衡 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而宁海、三亚和厦门种群的Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点、连江种群的Est 2、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点及深圳和北海种群的Est 2、Est 3、Sod 1、Me 2和Mdh 3位点均非常显著偏离H W平衡 (P <0 .0 1 )。另外 ,除连江种群的Est 1位点表现出杂合子缺失 (F >0 )外 ,各种群中每个多态位点均表现为杂合子过量 (F <0 )。总结了各种群中每个多态位点的观察杂合度和期望杂合度 ,认为导致杂合子缺乏的主要原因可能是自然选择、近交、哑等位基因、Wahland效应等。杂合子缺乏会导致某些基因从基因库中消失 ,造成种群遗传多样性的降低 ,从而降     

国沿海脉红螺(Rapana venosa)居群数量性状遗传多样性研究

采用多变量形态度量学方法,对丹东（DD）、大连（DL）、秦皇岛（QH）、烟台（YT）、青岛（QD）、连云港（LY）、日照（RZ）和舟山（ZS）脉红螺8个地理居群间的形态变异进行了比较研究,建立了居群形态聚类图和形态判别函数.结果显示：我国沿海脉红螺形态存在地理变异现象,愈向北群体间的形态变异愈明显.沿海8个居群可分为与其生态相关的两大类群,即内湾近岸类群和外海栖居类群.依据壳重/壳高为指标的差异系数判断,大连居群（DL）与相邻海域丹东（DD）和烟台（YT）居群间的差异程度达到亚种水平,其他居群间都属亚种水平下的单元.本实验所得壳的形态参数按Mayer等（1953）标准比较,秦皇岛居群（QH）仅是脉红螺的独立地方居群,尚达不到亚种水平,因此,构不成新种,传统分类上的“强棘红螺Rapana peichiliensis”不存在.     

对水产资源评估的两种世代分析方法比较

本文采取常用的种群评估方法，应用模拟数据比较研究了两种世代分析方法（ＶＰＡ）（Ｇｕｌｌａｎｄ（１９６５）ＶＰＡ方法和分离ＶＰＡ方法（ＰｏｐｅａｎｄＳｈｅｐｈｅｒｄ１９８２））。指出：在没有应用捕捞努力量调谐最近捕劳死亡率时，分离ＶＰＡ和ＧｕｌｌａｎｄＶＰＡ都不能正确反映实况；当使用调谐方法后，两种方法的结果都有所改善；对三组初始捕捞死亡率，Ｇｕｌｌａｎｄ方法给出相同结果；相反分离ＶＰＡ对不同初始值作出不同答案，但是在初始值接近真值时，分离ＶＰＡ的计算值较Ｇｕｌｌａｎｄ方法为好。     

Enclosing the land: Cotton,population growth and tenure in Mali

On-going tenure changes in the cotton zone in southern Mali are discussed. Land tenure in the area is changing and adapting to the rapid agricultural development taking place. This adaptation supports the main tenets of Property Rights Theory (PRT). The driving forces behind enclosure of land rights as described by PRT, such as population pressure and increased market access, are acknowledged. Enclosure takes two forms in the study area. First, some customary authorities in villages where population pressure is relatively high attempt to restrict access to pastures and woods on village land to create exclusive village commons. Second, holdings are being subdivided and farmers are increasingly confining their fields through tree planting. Except around the towns, where semi-formal land sales are becoming increasingly frequent, this individualisation does not imply exclusive and absolute private property to land. Bundles of overlapping rights still exist where various individuals or groups control access to different resources on the same piece of land.     

Light element abundances in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars

We model the evolution of the abundances of light elements in carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, under the assumption that such stars are formed by mass transfer in a binary system. We have modelled the accretion of material ejected by an asymptotic giant branch star on to the surface of a companion star. We then examine three different scenarios: one in which the material is mixed only by convective processes, one in which thermohaline mixing is present and a third in which both thermohaline mixing and gravitational settling are taken in to account. The results of these runs are compared to light element abundance measurements in CEMP stars (primarily CEMP- s stars, which are rich in s -processes elements and likely to have formed by mass transfer from an AGB star), focusing on the elements Li, F, Na and Mg. None of the elements is able to provide a conclusive picture of the extent of mixing of accreted material. We confirm that lithium can only be preserved if little mixing takes place. The bulk of the sodium observations suggest that accreted material is effectively mixed but there are also several highly Na and Mg-rich objects that can only be explained if the accreted material is unmixed. We suggest that the available sodium data may hint that extra mixing is taking place on the giant branch, though we caution that the data are sparse.     

Metallicities and ages of stellar populations at a high Galactic latitude field

We present an analysis of UBVRI data from the selected area SA 141. By applying recalibrated methods of measuring ultraviolet excess (UVX), we approximate abundances and absolute magnitudes for 368 stars over 1.3 deg² out to distances over 10 kpc. With the density distribution constrained from our previous photometric parallax investigations and with sufficient accounting for the metallicity bias in the UVX method, we are able to compare the vertical abundance distribution to those measured in previous studies. We find that the abundance distribution has an underlying uniform component consistent with previous spectroscopic results that posit a monometallic thick disc and halo with abundances of  [Fe/H]=−0.8  and −1.4, respectively. However, there are a number of outlying data points that may indicate contamination by more metal-rich halo streams. The absence of vertical abundance gradients in the Galactic stellar populations and the possible presence of interloping halo streams would be consistent with expectations from merger models of Galaxy formation. We find that our UVX method has limited sensitivity in exploring the metallicity distribution of the distant Galactic halo, owing to the poor constraint on the UBV properties of very metal-poor stars. The derivation of metallicities from broad-band UBV photometry remains fundamentally sound for the exploration of the halo but is in need of both improved calibration and superior data.     

Selenium deficiency as a consequence of human activity and its correction

Problems of sustainable development in connection with the change of biogeochemical cycle of selenium and overcoming its deficiency in Russia, Serbia, Belarus and other countries are reported. The history of the biological role of selenium as an essential trace element is discussed. A special program of «Overcoming of selenium deficiency» has been developed by researches of Russia, Serbia and Belarus in view of high morbidity rates for cardiovascular, tumor and endemic diseases affecting the population of both the above and some other countries, including children, prevalence of selenium deficiency among livestock species and aggravation of the environmental situation as a result of man-made processes.     

人口压力、气候变化与太平天国运动

通过大量史料分析,本文认为:人地矛盾的激化,及在此基础上气候异常造成全国农业大范围连年歉收,对中国历史上着名的太平天国运动(1851-1864年)的爆发,起着特别地激发作用.