英语委婉表达纵横谈

从语用学的角度分析英语委婉语。同时还简述了英语委婉语的特点、常见形式及英汉委婉表达的异同。英语委婉语的主要构造原则有自我保护原则、距离原则等。英语委婉语的运用比较复杂，它受民族文化、风俗习惯及时代背景等多方面因素的制约。     

新中国传媒语境与王瑶的新文学史书写

新中国建国初期的传媒语境提纯之后,话语高度集中单一,个人意见表达因此受到较大影响,王瑶学术见解的表达也是如此。由于特定的历史需要使新文学史书写得到当时传媒的高度重视,王瑶积极响应时代的召唤率先书写新文学史,但遭遇了传媒逐步升级的批判。这种现象在学术界产生了强烈的警示作用,因而也深远地影响了现代文学研究格局。分析这种传媒语境的影响方式及效果,为理解文学史书写提供新的思路,提醒人们思考如何正确利用和控制媒介,促使学术活动全面健康地发展。     

Context-dependent spatial analysis: A role for GIS?

The relationship between spatial analysis and GIS has been a debating point for over a decade. Some see GIS as leading the way to a new era in which the desire and the ability to analyse spatial data is widespread, not just in geography but throughout all disciplines in which spatial data are encountered. Others see GIS as simply providing a medium for the recycling of out-dated spatial analytical techniques and models. This paper describes a role for GIS through the development of new forms of ‘local’ or ‘context-dependent’ spatial analytical methods in which the focus is on exceptions to the general trend represented by the more traditional ‘global’ methods.     

An event-based conceptual model for context-aware movement analysis

Current tracking technologies enable collection of data, describing movements of various kinds of objects, including people, animals, icebergs, vehicles, containers with goods and so on. Analysis of movement data is now a hot research topic. However, most of the suggested analysis methods deal with movement data alone. Little has been done to support the analysis of movement in its spatio-temporal context, which includes various spatial and temporal objects as well as diverse properties associated with spatial locations and time moments. Comprehensive analysis of movement requires detection and analysis of relations that occur between moving objects and elements of the context in the process of the movement. We suggest a conceptual model in which movement is considered as a combination of spatial events of diverse types and extents in space and time. Spatial and temporal relations occur between movement events and elements of the spatial and temporal contexts. The model gives a ground to a generic approach based on extraction of interesting events from trajectories and treating the events as independent objects. By means of a prototype implementation, we tested the approach on complex real data about movement of wild animals. The testing showed the validity of the approach.     

Assimilating process context information of cellular automata into change detection for monitoring land use changes

This article presents a new method of assimilating process context information into change detection for monitoring land use changes. The accurate information about land use changes is important for implementing many global and regional environmental models. Two types of models have been independently developed to obtain such information, including change detection models (e.g. pixel-to-pixel comparison, post-classification comparison and object-based change analysis) and simulation models (e.g. cellular automata (CA) and agent-based modelling). These models may have limitations in capturing land use dynamics when used alone. In this study, the ensemble Kalman filter is used to obtain the best estimate of land use changes by combining remote-sensing observations with urban simulation. Urban simulation is able to provide process context information such as diffusion and coalescence of urban development. This type of complementary information is useful for improving the performance of change detection. Compared with traditional change detection models, this integrated model has the potential to improve the performance of change detection in terms of accuracies and landscape metrics. For example, the assimilating (MLC + CA) method can show improvement of the total accuracy and the kappa coefficient by 2.5–5.2% and 3.6–7.4%, respectively, in this study.     

英汉身势语的语用功能及文化差异

身势语是非语言交际的一种重要手段.它具有辅助、表情、强势等功能.重点论述了身势语的语用功能及文化差异.     

教学环境、认知语境、元语用意识与语用失误

国内一些学者虽已对语用失误的原因进行过相当多的剖析,中国学生作为学习外语的一个群体,在语用失误的原因上有着更深层的原因,即宏观上的中国外语教学环境、微观上的认知语境误导、元语用意识干扰。对语用失误的深层研究将有助于培养中国学生的语用能力和推动我国外语教学的发展。     

微观视角下旅游情境人地关系的理论与经验

旅游现象与活动中的人地关系是旅游研究中的跨学科议题,但目前微观心理与行为视角下的旅游情境人地关系研究尚有不足。本文检视了旅游情境人地关系研究的特殊性和多元性,探究了微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究的经验化路径,以旅游者行为意愿为例对人—地二元环境刺激促成人—地交互及行为反应的可能机制进行了理论推导和实证检验,并分析了上述理论与经验探讨对于旅游情境人地关系研究的启示。研究表明：① 旅游情境人地关系研究具有多元对象、层次、范式及方法论,存在4种主要情形和2种典型范式。② 心理—行为范式是拓展人地关系研究的重要方向,提炼具体问题和聚焦具体变量是微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究经验化及本体论化的关键环节。③ 认知和情感形象、地方依恋、行为意愿等构成的经验模型是对人—地二元到人—地交互理论逻辑的一种刻画,为旅游者行为提供了一个可能的人地关系解释。④ 微观视角下旅游者行为意愿的形成经历了地的功能与人的情感两个向度环境刺激、地方依恋人地联结有机体、行为反应之间的传导过程。⑤ 微观视角下旅游情境人地关系研究需把握人地关系主题与旅游现象特性、完善多元尺度和范式、推进理论的经验化、注重方法的问题导向和理论意义。     

图像检索技术研究进展

近年来,互联网上视觉数据呈现出爆炸式的增长,越来越多的研究工作围绕图像搜索或图像检索技术而展开.早期的搜索技术仅采用文本信息,忽视了视觉内容作为排序的线索,导致搜索文本和视觉内容不一致.基于内容的图像检索（CBIR）技术充分利用视觉内容识别相关图像,在近几年来获得了广泛关注.在图像检索中,最根本的问题是意图鸿沟和语义鸿沟,围绕该问题,近年涌现出大量的基于内容的图像检索的技术.本文主要对2003-2016年间提出的相关图像检索方法进行总结、分类和评估,并对未来的潜在研究方向进行讨论.     

地理背景的不确定性对时空行为模式分析的影响——基于西宁市的实证研究

伴随着城市研究新数据源与方法论的兴起,从时空间整合的角度反思和修正传统的概念与方法,成为时空行为研究重要发展趋势。地理背景作为城市研究的核心变量,其界定方式不确定性如何影响对个体行为作用效应的分析结果,已成为地理学的新方法论问题。在已有文献的基础上,本文基于西宁市的实证研究,尝试验证地理背景不确定性对行为模式分析的影响,并进一步探讨多个行为变量与其相互关系以及时间维度差异。通过比较两类地理背景范围（仅考虑居住地建成环境的地理背景范围、综合考虑居住地与家外活动地建成环境的地理背景范围）,分析对个体行为作用效应结果的差异性。研究发现：如果仅以居住地作为地理背景范围,关注其中建成环境对行为影响时,可能会夸大“家”的作用,而综合考虑居住地与活动地的地理背景范围时,更为接近于“真实”的地理背景,建成环境对家外活动时长、出行时长和活动空间有一定的解释力,且能够捕捉到一些重要的影响因素并修正有悖于常识的结论。同时地理背景不确定性对个体行为作用效应的分析结果影响还表现出较明显的工作日/休息日差异,表明地理背景存在时间维度的不确定性。研究结论在一定程度上揭示了时空行为研究在重新审视传统城市地理学概念、探索日常生活视角的度量方法与研究范式方面的有效性。