甘肃康县阳坝岩体岩石成因及壳-幔相互作用

出露于甘肃康县南部阳坝镇一带的阳坝岩体具有典型的岩浆混合特征,岩体中暗色微粒包体发育,主要类型为暗色细粒微粒闪长质及石英闪长质岩浆包体,岩浆包体与寄主岩石界限清晰。岩浆包体具淬火结构:角闪石呈长柱状,黑云母呈长条片状,磷灰石呈针状,包体中出现石英颗粒集合体及发育熔蚀环的斜长石捕虏晶。岩石学、地球化学研究表明,微粒闪长质包体的(La/Yb)N、Rb/Sr值都比寄主岩石高,且铕亏损程度更大,包体和寄主岩石的Mg#高(寄主岩石Mg#=50.8~54.5,暗色包体Mg#=55.6~60.1)。结合岩相学特征可以认为,暗色微粒包体可能是幔源的高温偏基性岩浆侵入到花岗闪长质岩浆中淬火结晶的产物,在此过程中,花岗质岩浆受到幔源物质混染,表明在中三叠世,扬子板块西北缘曾发生壳-幔混合作用。     

西昆仑山库地北岩体的地球化学特征及构造意义

运用主元素、微量元素及同位素地球化学方法对西昆仑地区库地北岩体的地球化学特征、源区、构造意义及成岩模式进行了系统的研究。研究表明,库地北岩体是个高钾的Ｉ型花岗岩岩体,其微量元素５和同位素组成表明,该岩体来源于陆壳岩石的部分熔融。其独特的微量元素分布特征以及与其共生的基性岩脉表明,该岩体形成于加里东末期一引张的构造环境。该期引张构造的识别为研究西昆仑地区构造演化历史提供了新的依据。     

陕西勉县地区关帝坪闪长岩体的LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

秦岭造山带印支期花岗岩的成因研究是当前秦岭造山带研究的热点问题。通过对出露于陕西勉县地区勉略缝合带中光头山岩体西端的关帝坪黑云母闪长岩锆石LA—ICPMSU-Pb年代学研究,探讨其地质意义。岩石主要由斜长石、角闪石和黑云母组成,蚀变较轻。LA—ICP—MS锆石U—Pb测年得到的加权平均年龄为220．5士3．1Ma（MSWD=0．66,2σ）,代表该闪长岩体的结晶年龄。该年龄与附近的光头山黑云母斜长花岗岩的年龄216±2Ma很接近,由此推断两者应产出于相同的构造背景。结合前人研究结果,推断该黑云母闪长岩体可能为勉略洋闭合后的碰撞后期产物。     

“Granite tectonics” revisited: insights from comparison of K-feldspar shape-fabric,anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), and brittle fractures in the Jizera granite,Bohemian Massif

In the Jizera granite of the Krkonoše–Jizera Plutonic Complex, northern Bohemian Massif, contrasting patterns of magmatic K-feldspar fabrics and brittle fractures characterize different structural levels of the pluton. The uppermost exposed level at ∼800–1,100 m above sea level is dominated by flat foliation that overprints two steep foliations. In contrast, K-feldspar shape-fabric in an underground tunnel (∼660 m above sea level) shows complex variations in orientation and intensity. Magnetic fabric carried by coaxial contributions of biotite, magnetite, and maghemite is homogeneous along the examined section of the tunnel, and is decoupled from the K-feldspar fabric. The Jizera granite is crosscut by two regional sets of subvertical fractures (∼NE–SW and ∼NW–SE) and by near-surface exfoliation joints. The multiple fabrics are inferred to reflect a complex magmatic strain history at different structural levels of the pluton, bearing little or no relationship to the fracture network. In contrast to the original concept of Hans Cloos (“granite tectonics”), we conclude that no simple genetic relationship exists between fabrics and fractures in plutons. An alternative classification of fractures in plutons thus should avoid relationships to magmatic fabrics and should instead consist of cooling, syntectonic, uplift, and post-uplift fractures.     

Study of the Emplacement Mechanism of the Fenghuangshan Granite Pluton and Related Cu-Au Mineralization in Tongling, Anhui Province

The Fenghuangshan Pluton is located in the Tongling polymineral-cluster district in the middle-lower section of the Yangtze metallogenic belt. In tectonic terms, it is in the middle of the Guichi-Fanchang faulted fold bundle of the lower Yangtze Platform fold belt between the Dabie Orogenic Belt and the Jiangnan Massif. Analyses of the structural deformation characteristics of both the contact zone and the interior of the pluton are used to explain its emplacement mechanism. The foliation and lineation of the pluton, consisting of the oriented distribution of dark minerals and xenoliths, mainly concentrate along the margin of the pluton. Toward the center of the pluton, the foliation structure becomes weak, showing intense compression formation at the margin, and reflecting the conformable intrusion of the pluton. The relatively gentle lineation is evidence of a rotatory emplacement mechanism. Relatively steep marginal foliation reflects compression expanding. Affected by the thermal power of the pluton,     

Emplacement History of Pasupugallu Gabbro Pluton, Eastern Ghats Belt, India: a Structural Study

Structural mapping of the Pasupugallu pluton, an elliptical intrusive gabbro-anorthosite body, emplaced into the western contact zone between the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt and the Archaean East Dharwar Craton, along the east coast of India, reveals concentric, helicoidal and inward dipping magmatic and/or tectonic foliations. We identify a <1 km-wide structural aureole characterized by pronounced deflection of regional structures into margin parallel direction, mylonitic foliations with S-C fabrics, sigmoidal clasts, moderately plunging stretching lineations, non-cylindrical intrafolial folds, and stretched elliptical mafic enclaves in the aureole rocks. Our results suggest that the pluton emplacement is syn-tectonic with respect to the regional ductile deformation associated with the terrane boundary shear zone at the western margin of the Eastern Ghats. We present a tectonic model for the emplacement of the pluton invoking shear-related ductile deformation, rotation and a minor component of lateral expansion of magma. The intrusive activity (1450-800 Ma) along the western margin of the Eastern Ghats can be correlated with the significant event of recurring mafic, alkaline and granitic magmatism throughout the global Grenvillian orogens associated with the continent-continent collision tectonics possibly related to the amalgamation and the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia.     

Experiments simulating surface deformation induced by pluton emplacement

We present centrifuge experiments to study the surface deformation induced by shallow pluton emplacement in a rheologically stratified crust. Sand simulates the topmost brittle crust; plastilina and denser silicone represent more and less competent crustal portions, respectively; lighter silicone simulates a buoyant intrusion. In the models, density differences affect the rate of intrusion but not their evolution or shape, whereas viscosity and strength stratifications control both the shape and rate of the intrusions. With a higher viscosity contrast (10^2–4) between the intrusion and the embedding media, the rise of the lighter silicone induces a laccolith-like intrusion, responsible for doming and thinning of the overburden; an apical depression may form, inducing silicone extrusion. Conversely, with a lower (10¹) viscosity contrast, the overburden and the intrusion exhibit a lens-shaped form, with a broad central depression bordered by an upward flexure towards the periphery. A sag in the floor of the intrusion is commonly observed; no silicone extrusion occurred. The intrusion is a hybrid between a laccolith and a lopolith. The comparison with nature (1) confirms roof uplift as an important means of accommodating space during pluton emplacement and (2) suggests that, where roof uplift plays a major role, pluton emplacement can induce a well-correlated sequence of events at surface: doming, the development of a depression and extrusion.     

Magma–host interactions during differentiation and emplacement of a shallow-level, zoned granitic pluton (Tarçouate pluton, Morocco): implications for magma emplacement

The Tarçouate pluton (Anti-Atlas, Morocco) is an inversely zoned laccolith emplaced 583 Ma ago into low-grade metasediments, with the following succession: leucocratic granites, biotite–granodiorites (±monzodiorites), hornblende–granodiorites (±monzodiorites) and monzodiorites syn-plutonic dykes. These rocks form two distinct, chemically coherent, units:

(1) A main unit consists of layered (572<59 wt.%) and homogeneous (632<67%) hornblende–granodiorites, biotite–granodiorites (672<72%) and aplites (702<76%). All these rocks are metaluminous to peraluminous and display fractionated HREE depleted patterns (La/Yb_N=14–61; Yb_N=0.7–6.8). Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7072 to 0.7080) increase, whereas _Nd(t) values (−1.7 to −2.8) decrease from the hornblende– to the biotite–granodiorites. Monzodiorites occur as mafic microgranular enclaves or syn-plutonic dykes.

(2) A subordinate unit consists of leucocratic, distinctly peraluminous, muscovite-bearing granites (722<75%) occurring at the northern edge of the pluton and as dykes in the surrounding schists towards the top of the pluton. These rocks are free of monzodioritic enclaves. They display less fractionated patterns with higher HREE contents (La/Yb_N=2–19; Yb_N=11–18), a distinct _Nd(t) value (−11.8) and a ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratio (0.7480) within those of the surrounding schists (0.7393–0.7819).

Magma–host interactions are closely related to differentiation and occurred at different levels, but mainly before emplacement. Field relationships and petrogenetic modelling show that the bt–granodiorites formed at levels deeper than the level of emplacement, by fractional crystallisation (0.65

These data preclude any significant material transfer process for the emplacement of the Tarçouate pluton, but rather suggest assembly of successive pulses of variably differentiated crystal-poor magmas. These shallow level granitic plutons can be considered as an end-member of magma emplacement with minimum interactions with the country rocks.     

Systematics of zircon crystallisation in the Cretaceous Separation Point Suite, New Zealand, using U/Pb isotopes, REE and Ti geothermometry

Plutonic zircons from the Cretaceous Separation Point Suite (SPS) were analysed by LA-ICPMS for U–Pb isotope ratios and trace element concentrations. Pooled ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages range from 112 to 124 Ma. Cathodoluminescence imaging reveals minor inheritence and textural evidence of repeated dissolution and re-precipitation of zircon. Core and rim spot analyses, however, document zircon growth during extended periods of time (>2 myr). Protracted crystallisation histories for simple plutonic systems are inconsistent with generalised thermal constraints, which predict cooling below the solidus within <1 myr. Consequently, we conclude that the SPS granitoids sampled in this study were not emplaced rapidly but incrementally over extended time periods. Zircon Th/U and Zr/Hf ratios are positively correlated with crystallisation temperatures, consistent with crystallisation from evolving melts. However, highly variable trace element concentrations, along with temperature reversals are indicative of complex crystallisation histories involving continuous fractional crystallisation repeatedly punctuated by hotter, more mafic magma recharge. Normalised abundances of the redox-sensitive elements Eu and Ce in zircon vary systematically with degrees of whole rock differentiation, pointing to evolutionary trends in magmatic oxidation states coupled with feldspar crystallisation.     

Review of Microstructural Evidence of Magmatic and Solid-State Flow

Evidence of magmatic flow includes: (a) parallel to sub-parallel alignment of elongate euhedral crystals (e.g., of feldspar or hornblende) that are not internally deformed, (b) imbrication (‘tiling’) of elongate euhedral crystals that are not internally deformed, (c) insufficient solid-state strain in regions between aligned or imbricated crystals to accommodate phenocryst rotation, (d) elongation of microgranitoid enclaves without plastic deformation of the minerals, (e) magmatic flow foliations and elongate microgranitoid enclaves deflected around xenoliths, and (f) schlieren layering (if due to flow sorting) in the absence of plastic deformation of the minerals involved. These features are consistent with rotation of crystals in a much weaker medium, namely a melt phase, at a stage when the magma has become viscous enough to preserve the alignment.Evidence of solid-state flow includes: (a) internal deformation and recrystallization of grains, (b) recrystallized “tails,” (c) elongation of recrystallized aggregates (e.g. of quartz and mica), (d) grainsize reduction, (e) fine-grained folia anastomosing around less deformed relics, (f) microcline twinning, (g) myrmekite, (h) flame perthite, (i) boudinage of strong minerals, typically with recrystallized aggregates of weaker minerals (e.g. quartz and mica) between the boudins, (j) foliation passing through, rather than around enclaves, and (k) heterogeneous strain with local mylonitic zones.Several criteria suggest “submagmatic flow,” including recrystallized feldspar, inferred transitions from magmatic imbrication to solid-state S/C arrangements, evidence of c-slip in quartz, and especially evidence of migration of residual melt into lower-pressure sites.Recent experimental studies indicate that a change from grain-supported flow to suspension flow typically occurs in deforming magmas at melt contents of between 20% to 40%, and that large amounts of strain may accumulate in magmas without being recorded by the final fabric. At lower melt percentages, perhaps as low as a few percent, depending on the minerals and their shapes, strain may be accommodated by: (a) melt-assisted grain-boundary sliding, (b) contact-melting assisted grain-boundary migration, (c) strain partitioning into melt-rich zones, (d) intracrystalline plastic deformation (c-slip in quartz indicating plastic deformation at temperatures near the granite solidus), and (f) transfer of melt to sites of low mean stress. The only indication of strain in the absence of crystal plasticity may be an alignment of crystals. Moreover, magmatic flow microstructures may be destroyed by fracturing, crystal plasticity and recrystallization before the magma reaches its solidus.Many rocks show evidence of solid-state flow superimposed on magmatic flow. Evidence of magmatic flow is commonly preserved in deformed felsic metamorphic rocks: for example the alignment of rectangular K-feldspar megacrysts and of microgranitoid enclaves. However, absence of alignment does not preclude a magmatic origin for K-feldspar megacrysts in felsic gneisses, as magmatic flow may cease before the magma becomes viscous enough to preserve an alignment.