北大巴山凤凰山岩体锆石U Pb LA ICP MS年龄及其构造意义

北大巴山凤凰山岩体是扬子陆块北缘典型的新元古代侵入岩群,对采自岩体的6个花岗岩(闪长岩)样品进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年分析。定年数据显示,岩浆活动可分为早期(797±6Ma)、中期(770±6Ma、774±5Ma)、晚期(755±6Ma、750±13Ma和743±6Ma)三个阶段,证实凤凰山岩体为多期岩浆侵入形成。这几期岩浆活动在扬子陆块具同步性和普遍性,广泛被记录在黄陵、汉南等其它新元古代杂岩中。凤凰山花岗岩完整记录了扬子陆块北缘南华纪初期的区域拉张—裂陷事件,其形成可能与导致Rodinia超大陆裂解作用的幕式地幔柱活动有关。本次研究对认识扬子陆块新元古代地壳生长与再造过程及Rodinia超大陆裂解机制具有重要意义。     

Geophysical characterisation of a blind I-type pluton emplaced within the Bundarra Suite S-type granites of the New England Batholith

Geophysical data are presented that characterise a blind pluton, the Mountain Home Pluton (MHP), which intrudes the southern portion of the Bundarra Suite (BS), 30 km northeast of Bendemeer, New South Wales. A positive magnetic anomaly within the non-magnetic granites of the BS (Banalasta and Pringles Monzogranites) was previously identified as a sub-surface intrusion. Interpretation of new gravity data and analysis of aeromagnetic data are used to infer the depth, size, density, magnetic susceptibility and likely petrology of the pluton. The best-fit model indicates that the MHP is very similar to the Looanga Monzogranite, a felsic member of the Moonbi Suite of the New England Batholith (NEB) that intrudes the BS 5–7 km southeast of the MHP. The top of the MHP is inferred to lie about 1 km beneath the surface and the pluton extends to a depth of at least 6 km. Our model furthermore suggests that the southwestern margin of the MHP is subvertical, whereas a shallower dip (<45°) towards the north is proposed for the northeastern surface of the pluton. A north-trending dyke swarm, identified on the basis of linear positive magnetic anomalies, may be related to the MHP. This swarm of more than 20 relatively magnetic dykes extends out to about 10 km north from the pluton. Magnetic modelling of the dykes indicates that susceptibility values of the dykes are probably very similar to the range of the MHP, and also suggests the width of individual dykes (also not known to be exposed at the surface) to be at most a few tens of metres. A petrographic examination of the intruded BS granites at the surface suggests that metamorphic zoning as seen in mineralogical characteristics may be related to the underlying pluton.     

Granulite facies thermal aureoles and metastable amphibolite facies assemblages adjacent to the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss in southwest Fiordland, New Zealand

In southwest New Zealand, a suite of felsic diorite intrusions known as the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) were emplaced into the mid to deep crust and partially recrystallized to high‐P (12 kbar) granulite facies assemblages. This study focuses on the southern most pluton within the WFO suite (Malaspina Pluton) between Doubtful and Dusky sounds. New mapping shows intrusive contacts between the Malaspina Pluton and adjacent Palaeozoic metasedimentary country rocks with a thermal aureole ～200–1000 m wide adjacent to the Malaspina Pluton in the surrounding rocks. Thermobarometry on assemblages in the aureole indicates that the Malaspina Pluton intruded the adjacent amphibolite facies rocks while they were at depths of 10–14 kbar. Similar P–T conditions are recorded in high‐P granulite facies assemblages developed locally throughout the Malaspina Pluton. Palaeozoic rocks more than ～200–1000 m from the Malaspina Pluton retain medium‐P mid‐amphibolite facies assemblages, despite having been subjected to pressures of 10–14 kbar for > 5 Myr. These observations contradict previous interpretations of the WFO Malaspina Pluton as the lower plate of a metamorphic core complex, everywhere separated from the metasedimentary rocks by a regional‐scale extensional shear zone (Doubtful Sound Shear Zone). Slow reaction kinetics, lack of available H₂O, lack of widespread penetrative deformation, and cooling of the Malaspina Pluton thermal anomaly within c. 3–4 Myr likely prevented recrystallization of mid amphibolite facies assemblages outside the thermal aureole. If not for the evidence within the thermal aureole, there would be little to suggest that gneissic rocks which underlie several 100 km² of southwest New Zealand had experienced metamorphic pressures of 10–14 kbar. Similar high‐P metamorphic events may therefore be more common than presently recognized.     

西藏冈底斯东部然乌地区早白垩世岩浆混合作用:锆石SHRIM PU-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

目前对西藏冈底斯带早白垩世大规模岩浆作用的岩石成因以及冈底斯带不同构造单元的东延仍存在不同看法。为探讨这些问题,文中对冈底斯带东部地区然乌岩体中的闪长岩脉进行了锆石SHRIM PU-Pb定年和锆石Hf同位素分析。结果表明:然乌岩体中闪长岩脉的锆石SHRIM PU-Pb年龄为(114.2±0.9)Ma,与二长花岗岩为同期侵位。然乌闪长岩脉具有不均一的锆石Hf同位素组成,其εHf(t)值介于-4.2～+4.9,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为0.85～1.44Ga。闪长岩脉的全岩εNd(t)值为-4.7,Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为1.29Ga,与锆石Hf同位素模式年龄一致。然乌地区同期发生的闪长质岩浆和花岗质岩浆侵位以及不均一的锆石Hf同位素组成,很可能表明然乌地区大约在115Ma发生了重要的岩浆混合作用。结合锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄的区域性对比,我们认为,与北冈底斯带相比,然乌地区同中冈底斯带之间具有更好的可对比性。     

U‐Pb Geochronological and Thermochronological Time–Temperature Constraints of 40Ar/39Ar Hornblende Reference Material HB3gr

Hornblende from the Lone Grove Pluton, Llano Uplift, Texas, has served as an irradiation reference material in ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar studies for decades. In order to evaluate the apparent age bias that currently exists between the U‐Pb and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar systems, zircon and titanite were dated by isotope dilution‐thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (ID‐TIMS) from the same rock from which the hornblende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar reference material HB3gr is derived. Zircon U‐Pb data indicate initial crystallisation at 1090.10 ± 0.16 Ma (2s), a date that is 1.7% older than the accepted K‐Ar date (1072 ± 14 Ma, 2s) for HB3gr; an offset that exceeds the typical 0.5–1% bias between the two systems, though remaining within uncertainty due to the large uncertainties in the ⁴⁰K decay constant. Zircon data are presented using both EARTHTIME tracers ET535 and ET2535 and are statistically indistinguishable. Single grain titanite analyses range between 1082 ± 0.75 and 1086 ± 0.81 Ma (2s) and are interpreted to record the subsequent cooling following crystallisation at rates between 30 and 50 °C Ma^?1. This is supported by the observation that hornblende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates corrected for decay constant bias are resolvably younger than the zircon U‐Pb date and in good agreement with titanite U‐Pb dates, permitting the conclusion that both titanite U‐Pb and hornblende ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar systems provide a record of cooling.     

江南造山带东段新元古代九岭复式岩体锆石U-Pb年代学及构造意义

江南造山带东段的九岭岩体为华南分布面积最大的新元古代花岗质侵入体。据其岩石组合、结构构造及野外侵入关系,可将其解体为由早到晚3个侵入序次的复式岩体,依次为黑云母花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩及黑云母二长花岗岩。其中,黑云母花岗闪长岩分布面积最广,黑云母二长花岗岩次之,英云闪长岩分布面积最小,围岩为新元古代双桥山群浅变质岩系。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,黑云母花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、黑云母二长花岗岩分别形成于821.6～824.0 Ma、819.5～823.6 Ma、820.4～824.5 Ma,指示它们基本同时侵位,但三者均具有自SE向NW时代变新的趋势。九岭岩体与围岩(双桥山群)的侵入接触面具有南陡北缓、角岩化带南窄北宽且围岩捕掳体及捕获锆石也呈南少北多的特征,表明九岭岩体SE侧岩体剥蚀深度强于NW侧,可能暗示了新元古代华夏板块向扬子板块碰撞拼贴过程中,研究区SE侧岩浆起源深度较深,剥蚀程度较高,且形成时代较早,并逐渐向NW侧迁移(岩浆起源深度变浅、时代变新)。     

Ring complexes in the Peninsular Ranges Batholith, Mexico and the USA: magma plumbing systems in the middle and upper crust

Subvolcanic ring complexes are unusual in that they preserve a rapidly frozen record of intrusive events. This sequential history is generally lost or complicated in plutons owing to mixing and mingling in a dynamic state. Thus, subvolcanic ring complexes are more like erupted rocks in their preservation of instantaneous events, but the self-contained nature of the complexes allows detailed structural and chemical work to be conducted in environments where the relative timing between individual magmatic events is commonly well preserved.

We suggest that development of subvolcanic ring complexes in the western Peninsular Ranges Batholith (PRB) involved the following three-stage generalized sequence: (1) fracturing of the roof above a buoyant or overpressured magma chamber, which resulted in moderately inward-dipping conical fractures that locally hosted cone sheets; (2) subsequent loss of magma from the chamber, combined with degassing of the melt, which facilitated collapse of the roof along near-vertical ring faults that locally hosted ring dikes; and (3) resurgence of the chamber, and/or intrusion of a broadly cogenetic nested pluton, which locally destroyed evidence for the earlier history of the system. This sequence has been repeated twice in one of the ring complexes that we have identified, which resulted in nested intrusive centers.

Calderas, subvolcanic ring complexes and plutons may represent progressively deeper sections through linked magma plumbing systems, and the systematic occurrences of these features in the western PRB are consistent with progressively deeper along-strike exposures of the batholith from south to north over a distance greater than 250 km.

In addition to subvolcanic complexes in the western PRB, deeper crustal levels exposed in the transition zone between eastern and western parts of the batholith preserve ring complexes emplaced at depths of up to 18 km. Occurrence of these deeper-level complexes suggests either that caldera subsidence can extend to mid-crustal levels or that other processes can produce ring complexes.     

Lithosphere structure of the Ukrainian Shield and Pripyat Trough in the region of EUROBRIDGE-97 (Ukraine and Belarus) from gravity modelling

The southern segment of the seismic profile EUROBRIDGE—EUROBRIDGE-97 (EB'97)—located in Belarus and Ukraine, crosses the suture zone between two main segments of the East European Craton—Fennoscandia and Sarmatia—as well as Sarmatia itself. At the initial stage of our study, a 3-D density model has been constructed for the crust of the study region, including the major part of the Osnitsa–Mikashevichi Igneous Belt (OMIB) superimposed by sediments of the Pripyat Trough (PT), and three domains in the Ukrainian Shield—the Volhyn Domain (VD) with the anorthosite–rapakivi Korosten Pluton (KP), the Podolian Domain (PD), and the Ros–Tikich Domain (RTD). The model comprises three layers—sediments with maximum thickness (6 km) in the PT and two heterogeneous layers in the crystalline crust separated at a depth of 15 km. 3-D calculations show the main features of the observed gravity field are caused by density heterogeneities in the upper crust. Allocation of density domains deeper than 15 km is influenced by Moho topography. Fitting the densities here reveals an increase (up to 2960 kg m⁻³) in the modelled bodies accompanied by a Moho deepening to 50 km. In contrast, a Moho uplift to a level of 35–37 km below the KP and major part of the PT is associated with domains of reduced densities. An important role for the deep Odessa–Gomel tectonic zone, dividing the crust into two regions one of basically Archean consolidation in the west (PD and RTD) and one of Proterozoic crust in the east (Kirovograd Domain)—was confirmed.2-D density modelling on the EB'97 profile shows that in the upper crust three main domains of different Precambrian evolution—the OMIB (with the superimposed PT), the VD with the KP, and the PD—can be distinguished. Deeper, in the middle and lower crust, layered structures having no connection to the surface geology are dominant features of the models. Least thickness of the crust was obtained below the KP. Greatest crustal thickness (more than 50 km) was found below the PD, characterised also by maximum deviation of velocity/density relation in the rocks from a standard one. The velocity and density models along the EB'97 profile have been interpreted together with inferred V_p/V_s ratios to estimate crustal composition in terms of SiO₂ content. In the course of the modelling, the status of the PD as a centre of Archean granulitic consolidation has been confirmed. The crustal structure of the anorthosite–rapakivi KP is complex. For the first time, a complicated structure for the lower crust and lower crust–upper mantle transition zone beneath the KP has been determined. The peculiarities of the crustal structure of the KP are quite well explained in terms of formation of rapakivi–anorthosite massifs as originating from melt chambers in the upper mantle and lower crust. An important role for the South Pripyat Fault (SPF), repeatedly activated during Proterozoic–Palaeozoic times, has been ascertained. At the subplatform stage of crustal evolution the SPF was, probably, a magma channel facilitating the granitic intrusions of the KP. In the Palaeozoic the fault was reactivated during rifting in the PT.     

Mechanisms and duration of non-tectonically assisted magma emplacement in the upper crust: The Black Mesa pluton, Henry Mountains, Utah

A new study of Black Mesa pluton (Henry Mountains, Colorado Plateau, Utah, USA) indicates that it is a classic example of a small upper-crustal pluton assembled over a few years by incremental amalgamation of discrete magma pulses. The results of our petrostructural study of the pluton interior allow us to constrain the geometry, kinematics and timing of the processes. The symmetric internal fabric is interpreted as an evidence for a feeding by below and not laterally. The observed rotation of the lineation, from WNW–ESE on the very top to NNE–SSW below, lead us to propose that the fabric at the base of the pluton is a record of magma infilling process, and the fabric at the very top is a record of the strain due to the relative movement between magma and wallrocks. A consequence is that except at the contact between pluton and wallrocks (top and margins), the stretching direction, recorded by the lineation, is not parallel to the flow direction of the magma i.e. displacement. The Black Mesa pluton is a sheeted laccolith on its western edge and a bysmalith on its eastern edge. This E–W asymmetry in pluton geometry/construction and the symmetrical internal fabric indicates that the apparently different west and east growth histories could have occurred simultaneously. Our field data indicate pluton growth through an asymmetric vertical stacking of sill-like horizontal magma sheets.One-dimensional thermal models of the pluton provide maximum limits on the duration of its growth. We have constrained the number, the thickness, and the frequency of magma pulses with our structural observations, including: (1) the emplacement of the pluton by under-accretion of successive magma pulses, (2) the absence of solid-state deformation textures at internal contacts, and (3) the apparent absence of significant recrystallization in the wallrocks. Our results suggest that the emplacement of the Black Mesa pluton was an extremely rapid event, with a maximum duration on the order of 100 years, which requires a minimum vertical displacement rate of the wallrocks immediately above the pluton greater than 2 m/yr. Finally, our data show that the rates of plutonic and volcanic processes could be similar, a significant result for interpretation of magma transfer in arc systems.     

云南德钦白马雪山岩体热历史及其对青藏高原三江地区构造地貌演化的指示意义

青藏高原三江地区高程缓降、河流及深切峡谷发育,重建其构造-热年代时空演化为把握该地区地形地貌发育演化的内在驱动力提供科学依据。本研究以云南德钦白马雪山岩体为研究对象,开展磷灰石(U-Th)/He及裂变径迹年代学分析,结合已发表的U-Pb和Ar-Ar年代学结果来重塑该地区的构造-热演化历史和地形演化。研究表明,该地区经历了多期快速冷却事件:三叠世的岩浆侵位活动,早白垩世和中-晚始新世的快速冷却,以及中新世和上新世以来的快速剥蚀。青藏高原隆升致使全球气候变化的同时也导致其周缘地区经受强烈侵蚀:中新世以来(21~11Ma)快速冷却速率为10℃/Myr,而上新世以来(ca.5Ma)冷却速率从10℃/Myr增至15℃/Myr。假定区域现今地温梯度为25~35℃/km,河谷剖面不同位置的侵蚀速率及剥蚀量的空间分布特征进一步表明(靠近澜沧江主干道处侵蚀速率远高于其支流,且对应的年龄相对年轻),河流下切及溯源侵蚀的多重效应导致该地区快速剥蚀、剥露,地形起伏加大的瞬态地貌演化规律。