The Kwinana Coastal Fumigation Study: I – Program Overview, Experimental Design and Selected Results

Fumigation under sea-breeze conditions is a major feature of the air pollution meteorology in the coastal industrial region of Kwinana, south of Perth in Western Australia. An intensive field experiment on fumigation was carried out in the region in early 1995 with the objective of using the measured data to develop and test a shoreline fumigation model. Fumigation of plumes from the Kwinana Power Station was studied using an instrumented research aircraft, radiosonde balloons, meteorological stations, a lidar, a mobile surface sampler, and sonic anemometers. The study has yielded a detailed and high quality data set as a result of both the range of observations undertaken and of the regularity of the sea-breeze conditions under scrutiny. The details of the experiment are summarised in this paper and some typical results are presented.     

Study on conventional atmospheric dispersion models in china, america and canada

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ１９８０ｓ,ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｎｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｓｏｍｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓｆｏｒｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｎｏｔｇｏｏｄｉｎｃｏｉｎｃｉｄｉｎｇ...     

Crustal accretion and dynamic feedback on mantle melting of a ridge centred plume: The Iceland case

A major consequence of the interaction of a plume with an oceanic ridge is the enhanced melt production and associated crust generation. In the case of Iceland crustal thickness as large as 20 to 40 km has been reported. Crustal seismic velocities are high, and have to be explained by thermal or chemical effects. In the first part of the paper we address the question whether extraction of melt out of the plume beneath a slowly spreading ridge and deposition of extracted basalt volumes at the surface produces a dynamic feedback mechanism on mantle melting. To study this question we solve the convection equations for a ridge centred plume with non-Newtonian rheology including melting, melt extraction associated with deposition of cold crust at the surface of the model, and using a simplified approach for compaction. The assumption of cold crust is justified if the thickness of each deposited basaltic layer is less than roughly 1 km. Depending on the buoyancy flux of the plume, crustal thicknesses between 10 and 40 km are modelled, showing characteristic dipping structures resembling the rift-ward dipping basaltic layers of East- and Western Iceland. Comparing the resulting crustal thickness and magma generation rate with models in which the dynamic effect of crust deposition has been suppressed indicates, that melt generation beneath a slowly spreading ridge is considerably damped by the dynamic feedback mechanism if the plume buoyancy flux exceeds 400 to 600 kg/s. Based on the observed crustal thickness of Iceland our models predict a plume buoyancy flux of 1140 kg/s.In the second part we study the accretion of the Icelandic crust by a thermo-mechanical model in more detail based on the Navier–Stokes-, the heat transport and the mass conservation equations including volumetric sources. Hot (1200 °C) molten crustal material is injected into the newly forming crust with a constant rate at different crustal source regions: a) deep, widespread emplacement of dykes and sills including crustal underplating, b) magma chambers at shallow to mid-crustal level, and c) surface extrusions and intrusions in fissure swarms at shallow depth connected to volcanic centres. We identify the material from the different source regions by a marker approach. Varying the relative dominance of these source regions, characteristic crustal structures evolve, showing shallow dipping upper crustal layers with dip angles between 10 and 15°. The thermal structure of the crust varies between cold crust (shallow-source region dominating) and hot crust (deep-source region dominating). We use observations of maximum depth of seismicity to constrain the depth of the 650 °C isotherm and seismological inferences on the lower crust to constrain temperatures in that region. The best agreement with our models is achieved for crust formation dominated by deep dykes and underplating with a considerable influence of magma chamber accretion.     

西准噶尔晚泥盆世碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征及其与塔里木大火成岩省岩浆岩对比

西准噶尔是近年来中亚造山带的研究热点地区之一,发育多条蛇绿混杂岩带。随着研究的深入,蛇绿岩混杂岩带中不断有碱性洋岛玄武岩被识别出来。本文对克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中的晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩进行详细的岩石地球化学及Sr?Nd同位素组成研究。结果表明西准噶尔晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩属于碱性玄武岩系列,岩石具有高TiO₂ （2.3%～3.8%）及P₂O₅ （0.38%～0.91%）,低MgO （2.41%～4.97%）,轻、重稀土元素分异较为明显,(La/Yb)_N = 5.1～14.5,无明显Eu异常（Eu/Eu* = 0.96～1.1）,相对富集Rb、Th、U,亏损Ba、K、Sr,没有明显Nb、Ta负异常,这些地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）极其相似。克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中枕状玄武岩具正ε_Nd(t)值（3.3～4.4）及年轻的模式年龄（0.83～0.72 Ga）,表明其来源于亏损地幔源区,通过同位素及微量元素研究认为源区可能为富辉石的橄榄岩,或不含橄榄石的辉石岩和角闪石岩,克拉玛依及达尔布特蛇绿混杂岩中的晚泥盆世枕状玄武岩形成于大洋板内与地幔柱有关的海山/大洋岛屿环境。这些明显不同于大陆板内具有富集特征的塔里木大火成岩省,它们分别属于两个明显不同的同位素地球化学省,即以富集型地幔为同位素组成的南部省及以亏损型地幔为同位素组成的北部省。     

Continuous soil CO<Superscript>2</Superscript> and discrete plume SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> measurements at Mt. Etna (Italy) during 1997–2000: a contribution to volcano monitoring

Continuous monitoring of soil CO₂ dynamic concentration (which is proportional to the CO₂ flux through the soil) was carried out at a peripheral site of Mt. Etna during the period November 1997–September 2000 using an automated station. The acquired data were compared with SO₂ flux from the summit craters measured two to three times a week during the same period. The high frequency of data acquisition with both methods allowed us to analyze in detail the time variations of both parameters. Anomalous high values of soil CO₂ dynamic concentration always preceded periods of increased flux of plume SO₂, and these in turn were followed by periods of summit eruptions. The variations were modeled in terms of gas efflux increase due to magma ascent to shallow depth and its consequent depressurization and degassing. This model is supported by data from other geophysical and volcanological parameters. The rates of increase both of soil CO₂ dynamic concentration and of plume SO₂ flux are interpreted to be positively correlated both to the velocity of magma ascent within the volcano and to lava effusion rate once magma is erupted at the surface. Low rates of the increase were recorded before the nine-month-long 1999 subterminal eruption. Higher rates of increase were observed before the violent summit eruption of September-November 1999, and the highest rates were observed during shorter and very frequent spike-like anomalies that preceded the sequence of short-lived but very violent summit eruptions that started in late January 2000 and continued until late June of the same year. Furthermore, the time interval between the peaks of CO₂ and SO₂ in a single sequence of gas anomalies is likely to be controlled by magma ascent velocity.Editorial responsibility: H. Shinohara     

Alkaline magmatism from Kutch, NW India: implications for plume–lithosphere interaction

Geochemical data are presented for primitive alkaline rocks from the Kutch region, north–northwest of Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of west central India, which is generally regarded as related to the Reunion Plume. The trace element systematics of these rocks are similar to those of ocean-island basalts, but there is considerable compositional variation, which is related to a strong overprint from the lithosphere on plume-derived magmas. This subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) component has geochemical characteristics that overlap those observed in spinel lherzolite xenoliths entrained in these rocks. Phlogopite and apatite in the SCLM are of metasomatic origin attributed to the infiltrating fluids and/or melts derived from rising mantle plume material. The composition of the alkaline rocks is consistent with a regional upwelling of deep mantle related to marginal rifting and with OIB-type geochemical characteristics. Thermal inhomogeneities within such plume swath resulted in small diapirs, which may have undergone melt segregation at the base of the lithosphere (100 km) and incorporated varying amounts of SCLM during ascent.     

云南铂族元素找矿基础问题

云南省铂族元素矿床成矿地质条件较好，已有不少已知矿床、矿点、找矿信息及地球化学异常。找矿重点以基性超基性岩型为主，也应考虑其它类型，如热液型、黑色页岩型、煤岩型等。找矿重点地区除在峨眉山玄武岩分布区及其周边外，应注意康滇地轴中部及边缘中新生代断裂带通过的地区。峨眉山玄武岩分布区外围的卡林型金矿和浅成低温热液型矿床分布区亦值得重视，如滇东南地区。此外，寒武系黑色岩系及含磷层位的含铂性是一个具有挑战性的新课题，值得加强研究。云南铂族元素矿床的成矿时代，可能从元古代到新生代均有，对云南找铂来说非常有利，其它省区无法与之相比。新生代构造可能将深埋的矿体错动到浅部，找矿中需要特别注意。不妨“沿河找矿”。第四纪的风化壳中是否有铂族元素的富集也可探索。