新近纪南海深层水的增氧与分层

综合南海ODP1148站、1146站和1143站沉积物物性、底栖有孔虫、同位素等资料, 探讨早中新世以来南海深层水的演化特征.结果表明, 在21~17Ma、15~10Ma和1~5Ma3个时间段分别对应3个富含红褐色粘土的岩性单元, 其红色参数(a*) 增高指示南海深层水中溶解氧含量的增加.对比发现, 前两阶段的深层水增氧与南极底层水和北大西洋组合水增强有关, 说明10Ma前南海与外地的底层水基本是相互连通的.10Ma以后, 南海深层水溶解氧降低, 同时分别处于下深层水的1148站和上深层水的1146站之间的CaCO₃含量变化加大, 喜氧底栖有孔虫减少, 底栖δ13C在10Ma大幅度减轻, 说明南海当时的深层水受大洋深层水的控制减弱.推测主要是南海海盆自16~15Ma停止扩张以后, 南海逐渐关闭引起本地深层水开始形成的缘故.从6Ma左右开始出现大量的太平洋底层水和深层水的底栖有孔虫标志种, 1148站和1146站在5~3Ma期间的CaCO₃含量之差达到40%, 标志南海深层水最大分异期.除了全球气候变冷、北半球结冰引起太平洋深层水扩张的影响之外, 南海海盆由于更强烈向东俯冲而进一步下沉也可能是原因之一.3Ma以来南海深层水演化进入现代模式, 两站之间的CaCO₃含量之差稳定在10%左右, 厌氧底栖种丰度增加.太平洋底层水和深层水的标志种相继在1.2Ma和0.9Ma大量减少, 底栖δ13C也同时大幅度变轻到新近纪的最低值, 表明太平洋底层水的影响基本消失, 太平洋深层水的影响也大大减弱.因此, 标准现代模式的南海深层水, 推测主要由于“中更新世气候转型”时期巴士海峡下面的海槛抬升到接近目前~2600m的深度时, 才开始形成.      

曲靖盆地上新统地层

曲靖盆地上新统地层发育，可以作为滇东大型新生代盆地沉积之代表。本文划分介形类4组合，孢粉5组合。根据生物组合，结合岩石地层特征，对该盆地地层作系统划分，为云南晚第三纪地层划分、对比提供依据。     

华北地台南缘中侏罗世气候变热的古植物学证据

根据对豫西地区义马组植物群三个植物组合的系统研究,以古植物组合的动态变化及古植物叶相特征为证据,论证了华北地台南缘中—晚侏罗世时期气候变热是从巴柔—巴通早期开始的,明显早于南欧、中亚及西北利亚地区。     

大兴安岭中段早白垩世花岗质岩石锆石U-Pb年龄及地球化学特征

大兴安岭地区显生宙花岗岩分布广泛,但区内中生代花岗岩的研究相对薄弱.通过对大兴安岭中段扎兰屯以西的毕家店岩体和神山岩体进行年代学和地球化学研究,探讨了本区早白垩世花岗岩的成因及构造背景.其中毕家店岩体主要由正长花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成,神山岩体主要由碱长花岗岩组成.毕家店岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为136±3 Ma、139.5±0.9 Ma和128.1±0.8 Ma,神山岩体为119.3±0.8 Ma,均形成于早白垩世.地球化学特征上,两岩体均呈现高硅、低钙、富碱、Eu负异常等特征,亏损Nb、Ta,富集Rb、Th和U,属于弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列,为岩浆演化晚期的高分异I型花岗岩.两岩体具有活动大陆边缘构造属性,结合大兴安岭地区同时期I型、A型花岗岩特征,认为早白垩世花岗质岩石的形成与太平洋板块俯冲背景下的拆沉作用密切相关.     

青藏高原北部白榴碧玄岩年代学及地球化学研究

本文在可可西里北部边缘银顶山地区首次发现含橄榄石的高镁高钾质超基性火山岩。火山岩在阿尼玛卿-昆仑-木孜塔格缝合带南侧呈熔岩残丘形式产出,分布面积约为0.2 km²,其形成时代为上新世(5～4 Ma),是岩浆的快速侵位-喷溢的结果。斑晶主要为橄榄石(10%～12%)+白榴石(21%～27%)+霞石(13%～16%)±透辉石(29%～31%),基质主要为透辉石+云母+Fe-Ti氧化物+玻璃,定名为白榴碧玄岩。对3个样品51个点的橄榄石电子探针数据计算显示,橄榄石牌号为Fo_74-87Fa_13-26,属贵橄榄石,岩石中的橄榄石均不存在扭折带,表明这些橄榄石很可能是岩浆结晶的产物,而非岩浆捕获体。通过计算,银顶山地区橄榄石的结晶温度大约在1 226 ℃～1 234 ℃左右。白榴碧玄岩的化学组分:SiO₂<45%,MgO>10%, Na₂O+K₂O>8%,Mg^#(68.84～70.80),而Cr(149×10^-6～156×10^-6)和Ni(138×10^-6～151×10^-6),⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(约0.708 6)和¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd(约0.512 4),处于EMII源区范围内。初步认为藏北地区上新世超基性火山岩来自于较深的源区,最有可能是软流圈顶部地幔的局部熔融,并受到俯冲地壳物质的交代。     

Palaeoecology and significance of barnacles in the mid-Pliocene Balanus Bed of Tobago,West Indies

The Balanus Bed of the Rockly Bay Formation (mid-Pliocene) of Tobago is a sequence of orange-brown sands with laterally equivalent muds. The invertebrate macrofauna is dominated by the balanid barnacle Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) sensu lato, with associated oysters, pectinaceans, gastropods, bryozoans, regular echinoids, and rare crabs and sharks. Vertical burrows in muddier substrates are good evidence that this assemblage was living littorally or shallowly sublittorially. Previous analyses of the Rockly Bay Formation of the type area have erroneously suggested that it represents a lenticular deposit. It is now recognized to be a transgressive unit, unconformable on the underlying Mesozoic basalts. The sediment of the Balanus Beds was derived from the in situ weathering of basalts, producing a gradation from sandy (near shore) to muddy substrates. Balanids grew singly on the weathering basalt, but suitable substrates for attachment in the muddy environment were rare, so barnacles are found clustered in close association. The primary substrates for attachment in the muddy environment were disarticulated balanid plates, mollusc valves and small pebbles. Although the base of the Formation is not seen in Rockly Bay, a basal conglomerate overlain by a horizon of dissociated valves of the large ark Anadara patricia (Sowerby) is exposed in nearby Little Rockly Bay. Apart from the two fossiliferous horizons mentioned, the Formation is barren of marine microinvertebrates. The Rockly Bay Formation appears to have formed in response to the mid-Pliocene rise in sea level. Horizons dominated by balanids may be useful indicators of sea-level rise, at least in the Neogene, Darwin's ‘Age of Barnacles’.     

Insights into biaxial extensional tectonics: an examplefrom the Sandıklı Graben,West Anatolia,Turkey

West Anatolia, together with the Aegean Sea and the easternmost part of Europe, is one of the best examples of continental extensional tectonics. It is a complex area bounded by the Aegean–Cyprus Arc to the south and the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) to the north. Within this complex and enigmatic framework, the Sandıklı Graben (10 km wide, 30 km long) has formed at the eastern continuation of the Western Anatolian extensional province at the north‐northwestward edge of the Isparta Angle. Recent studies have suggested that the horst–graben structures in West Anatolia formed in two distinct extensional phases. According to this model the first phase of extension commenced in the Early–Middle Miocene and the last, which is accepted as the onset of neotectonic regime, in Early Pliocene. However, it is controversial whether two‐phase extension was separated by a short period of erosion or compression during Late Miocene–Early Pliocene. Both field observations and kinematic analysis imply that the Sandıklı Graben has existed since the Late Pliocene, with biaxial extension on its margins which does not necessarily indicate rotation of regional stress distribution in time. Although the graben formed later in the neotectonic period, the commencement of extension in the area could be Early Pliocene (c. 5 Ma) following a severe but short time of erosion at the end of Late Miocene. The onset of the extensional regime might be due to the initiation of westward motion of Anatolian Platelet along the NAFZ that could be triggered by the higher rate of subduction at the east Aegean–Cyprus Arc in the south of the Aegean Sea. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.