Contrasting Pliocene fluvial depositional systems within the rapidly subsiding South Caspian Basin; a case study of the palaeo-Volga and palaeo-Kura river systems in the Surakhany Suite,Upper Productive Series,onshore Azerbaijan

The South Caspian Basin contains major hydrocarbon reservoirs within the largely Early Pliocene Productive Series. This paper describes and contrasts outcrops of the uppermost ∼500 m of the series (the Surakhany Suite) deposited by two of the main fluvial systems that supplied the Azeri margin of the basin. Sedimentary facies and, for the first time from the Productive Series, palynological analyses document fluvial channel belt complexes, sheetflood overbank and flood plain to flood plain lake environments. The Productive Series on the Apsheron Peninsula, Azerbaijan, was supplied predominantly from the north by the palaeo-Volga river system. It displays an overall fining-upward trend, such that the Surakhany Suite at Lokbatan is dominated by mudstone. Siltstone and coarser-grained sediments make up 28% of the section. Channel bodies are on average 1.5 m thick and form 13% of the succession. In the sub-surface of the Apsheron Peninsula, ratty wireline log responses also indicate that siltstone and sandstone bodies are predominantly thin bedded, with SP-derived net-to-gross sand ratios of ∼0.35–0.40. The succession in the Kura Basin was sourced predominantly from the west by the palaeo-Kura river system. It displays a coarsening-upward trend, such that in the middle and upper Surakhany Suite at Babazanan siltstone and coarser sediments make up 52% of the section. It is characterised by numerous stacked and laterally continuous channel sandstone bodies that are on average 5.8 m thick and comprise 42% of the outcrop. In the sub-surface of the Kura Basin, wireline log responses of the Surakhany Suite have a blocky character and indicate SP-derived net-to-gross sand ratios of 0.26–0.38. These values are similar to calculated sandstone volumes at outcrop (44%). The palynological data, including multivariate analyses, show that the main controls on palynomorph distribution are the degree of fluvial or lacustrine influence, subaerial exposure and salinity. Despite their more lithic nature, Surakhany Suite sandstones derived from the palaeo-Kura river system along the Kurovdag-Babazanan-Neftchala trend have similar or better petrophysical properties than those derived from the palaeo-Volga river on the Apsheron Peninsula and its offshore continuation. This is probably due to their coarser-grain size. This, combined with their greater sandstone body thickness, would suggest that the axis of the Kura Basin forms the most promising part of the Azeri sector of the South Caspian Basin for exploration within the uppermost part of the Productive Series.     

意大利上新世古生产力的轨道驱动

主要研究了意大利上新统3个剖面Punta Piccola、Cape Spertivento以及Punta Rossello蛋白石含量的变化,综合其它古环境指标对非洲季风和地中海表层生产力加以分析,研究表明,Punta Piccola剖面和Cape Spertivento剖面各古环境指标对岁差周期影响的响应明显而单纯,即岁差低值,对应氧同位素偏负,有机碳和蛋白石高值以及碳酸盐低值,说明地中海表层生产力明显受到岁差的驱动。岁差驱动下的北非夏季风导致尼罗河泛滥,带来的丰富营养元素使得生产力剧增,同时淡水注入,阻碍了水体的垂向交换,直接导致了海底的缺氧环境,硅藻利用深层营养产生勃发,并组成“藻席”,快速沉降到海底,使得有机碳迅速埋葬和保存,从而引发了腐泥层的形成。Punta Rossello剖面硅藻层证实了“藻席”的存在,但是蛋白石含量并不高。 [HT5H]关 键 词:[HT5K] [HT5H]中图分类号： 文献标识码：A[HT5SS][HK]     

青藏高原东北缘循化盆地中中新世—早上新世黏土矿物及其古气候意义

青藏高原东北缘古气候可能受控于全球变冷、青藏高原隆升及局地地形变化的影响。为解析气候演化过程及驱动因素,本文以青藏高原东北缘循化盆地西沟剖面作为研究对象,在已有古地磁年龄约束基础上,分析了中中新世—早上新世沉积物中黏土矿物的组成和微观形貌特征。结果表明,西沟剖面沉积物中黏土矿物主要由伊利石、蒙脱石、绿泥石和高岭石组成,其中伊利石含量最高,平均为59. 3％;蒙脱石次之,平均为18. 2％,绿泥石平均含量为12. 3％,高岭石平均含量为10. 2％。根据剖面中黏土矿物含量和比值的变化特征,结合循化盆地西沟剖面的沉积速率、孢粉记录、有机质碳同位素和沉积岩地球化学比值,并与深海氧同位素值（δ18O）变化曲线对比,将循化盆地14. 6~5. 0 Ma气候环境演化划分为3个阶段：14. 6~12. 7 Ma,气候干冷期,与北半球冰盖扩展引发的全球性降温事件有关;12. 7~8. 0 Ma,气候相对温暖湿润期,可能与循化盆地周围山体隆升有关,即积石山在~12. 7 Ma隆升至临界高度,成为西风带输送水汽的地形屏障,使得循化盆地内的降水增强;8. 0~5. 0 Ma,气候再次转向干冷期,该阶段气候的干旱化对应于青藏高原在8 Ma左右的快速隆升,高原进一步的隆升阻碍东亚季风西风带的暖湿气流向内陆的输送,从而引起区域干旱化。     

渤海湾海陆交互相沉积的磁性地层学

渤海湾的海陆交互相沉积对研究海陆环境变化、新构造活动及华北平原的演化历史等均有重要意义,而建立可靠的年代地层框架是上述研究的前提。对取自渤海湾西岸天津市深度为203.57 m的BZ2钻孔进行了详细的磁性地层学研究,结果表明,钻孔岩心包含4个正极性段,分别可与标准极性柱中布容(Brunhes)、贾拉米洛(Jaramillo)、奥尔都维(Olduvai)和高斯(Gauss)正极性世对比;获得的3个负极性段则与松山(Matuyama)和凯纳(Kaena)事件对应,从而获得钻孔岩心底部年龄约为3.18 MaBP。磁性界限之间平均沉积速率的相对一致性,指示了渤海湾在晚上新世以来总体稳定的下沉趋势。     

蒙古东部道尔脑德矿集区成矿作用及找矿标志

蒙古国东部省道尔脑德地区于侏罗纪—早白垩世火山活动频繁,形成道尔脑德火山机构,发育基性-酸性双峰式火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩,夹有陆源碎屑岩.同期该区域由挤压到伸展的构造体制转变,构造-岩浆热作用强烈,发生大规模成矿作用,形成与火山热液有关的铀-贱金属-金-萤石矿床成矿系列.文章在分析不同矿床成因类型、成矿时代及成矿温度基础...     

Palaeoecology and significance of barnacles in the mid-Pliocene Balanus Bed of Tobago,West Indies

The Balanus Bed of the Rockly Bay Formation (mid-Pliocene) of Tobago is a sequence of orange-brown sands with laterally equivalent muds. The invertebrate macrofauna is dominated by the balanid barnacle Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) sensu lato, with associated oysters, pectinaceans, gastropods, bryozoans, regular echinoids, and rare crabs and sharks. Vertical burrows in muddier substrates are good evidence that this assemblage was living littorally or shallowly sublittorially. Previous analyses of the Rockly Bay Formation of the type area have erroneously suggested that it represents a lenticular deposit. It is now recognized to be a transgressive unit, unconformable on the underlying Mesozoic basalts. The sediment of the Balanus Beds was derived from the in situ weathering of basalts, producing a gradation from sandy (near shore) to muddy substrates. Balanids grew singly on the weathering basalt, but suitable substrates for attachment in the muddy environment were rare, so barnacles are found clustered in close association. The primary substrates for attachment in the muddy environment were disarticulated balanid plates, mollusc valves and small pebbles. Although the base of the Formation is not seen in Rockly Bay, a basal conglomerate overlain by a horizon of dissociated valves of the large ark Anadara patricia (Sowerby) is exposed in nearby Little Rockly Bay. Apart from the two fossiliferous horizons mentioned, the Formation is barren of marine microinvertebrates. The Rockly Bay Formation appears to have formed in response to the mid-Pliocene rise in sea level. Horizons dominated by balanids may be useful indicators of sea-level rise, at least in the Neogene, Darwin's ‘Age of Barnacles’.     

Insights into biaxial extensional tectonics: an examplefrom the Sandıklı Graben,West Anatolia,Turkey

West Anatolia, together with the Aegean Sea and the easternmost part of Europe, is one of the best examples of continental extensional tectonics. It is a complex area bounded by the Aegean–Cyprus Arc to the south and the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) to the north. Within this complex and enigmatic framework, the Sandıklı Graben (10 km wide, 30 km long) has formed at the eastern continuation of the Western Anatolian extensional province at the north‐northwestward edge of the Isparta Angle. Recent studies have suggested that the horst–graben structures in West Anatolia formed in two distinct extensional phases. According to this model the first phase of extension commenced in the Early–Middle Miocene and the last, which is accepted as the onset of neotectonic regime, in Early Pliocene. However, it is controversial whether two‐phase extension was separated by a short period of erosion or compression during Late Miocene–Early Pliocene. Both field observations and kinematic analysis imply that the Sandıklı Graben has existed since the Late Pliocene, with biaxial extension on its margins which does not necessarily indicate rotation of regional stress distribution in time. Although the graben formed later in the neotectonic period, the commencement of extension in the area could be Early Pliocene (c. 5 Ma) following a severe but short time of erosion at the end of Late Miocene. The onset of the extensional regime might be due to the initiation of westward motion of Anatolian Platelet along the NAFZ that could be triggered by the higher rate of subduction at the east Aegean–Cyprus Arc in the south of the Aegean Sea. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.