Modeling 3-D desiccation soil crack networks using a mesh fragmentation technique

The problem of desiccation cracks in soils has received increasing attention in the last few years, in both experimental investigations and modeling. Experimental research has been mainly focused on the behavior of slurries subjected to drying in plates of different shapes, sizes and thickness. The main objectives of these studies were to learn about the process of crack formation under controlled environmental conditions, and also to understand better the impact of different factors (e.g. soil type, boundary conditions, soil thickness) on the morphology of the crack network. As for the numerical modeling, different approaches have been proposed to describe the behavior of drying cracks in soils. One aspect that it is still difficult to simulate properly is the 3-D crack pattern typically observed in desiccated soils. In this work we present a numerical technique to model the behavior of drying soils. The proposed approach inserts high aspect ratio elements in-between standard elements of a finite element mesh. This mesh fragmentation technique can be easily adapted to standard finite element programs. We used this technique to analyze multiple case studies related to soil desiccation cracks developed under laboratory and field conditions. We focused our attention in some key factors that control the 3-D morphology of the drying cracks network in soils. We show that the proposed technique is able to simulate very satisfactorily the main patterns typically observed in cracked soils.     

动态应力追踪方法识别采动裂隙带发育研究

煤层开采过程中,开采工作面围岩一定范围内的岩体会产生卸荷裂缝或新裂隙,其中有一部分裂缝和裂隙存在张开的经历。由于张开的裂隙和缝隙内没有力的传递介质,在这些裂缝、裂隙附近区域的应力会从因重力引起的应力大值降低到一个很小的值,但不一定会达到应力为0值。裂缝、裂隙附近区域的应力由于之后的应力重分布可以发生调整而振荡,裂缝、裂隙相应地可以闭合,甚至可以承受很大的剪应力。基于一部分采动张开裂隙附近区域的应力大值曾经历过大幅度卸载到一个很小值这一动态过程,提出了一种识别采动裂隙带发育的动态应力追踪方法。以宁夏石嘴山矿区三号煤层为工程背景,利用离散元UDEC软件包计算确定煤层开采过程中覆岩内部不同开采阶段的应力分布。借助于后处理软件TechPlot,利用提出的动态应力追踪方法,识别该矿采动裂隙带的范围和高度;研究结果表明,所提出的动态应力追逐方法具有可行性和很好的适用性。     

不同粗糙度的节理直剪颗粒流分析

利用二维颗粒流程序生成5种不同粗糙程度的节理模型,并对5种节理模型进行了5种不同法向恒定荷载作用下的直剪试验,从细观角度分析了不同粗糙程度的节理模型在法向荷载下的形貌损伤情况和裂纹演化机制。与此同时,分析了节理JRC值和节理面颗粒摩擦系数对节理抗剪强度影响,并反推出了节理面抗剪强度参数Cj与?j与JRC值的关系。结果为：法向恒定荷载越大时,节理峰值抗剪应力越大,剪胀现象越小,节理形貌损伤范围越大。随着剪切的进行,上下节理面接触范围减小,微裂纹开始主要沿节理面产生,随着剪切位移的继续增加微裂纹数量显著增加,并且不局限于节理面附近而深入到模型内部。随着节理粗糙程度（JRC值）和节理面颗粒摩擦系数的增加节理峰值抗剪应力也增大。节理抗剪强度参数Cj与?j随着JRC值的增大而增大。所得结果可以为室内试验和工程应用提供参考和依据。     

利用Hudson裂隙模型分析井径变化对声波测井响应的影响

裂隙性介质因其复杂的结构和可观的藏储量一直是资源勘查领域的重点研究对象。基于Hudson裂隙理论对裂隙介质中不同裂隙参数（数密度、角度、纵横比）下变化井径的井场响应进行数值模拟,得到如下结果：在裂隙数密度较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较大的情况下,斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较小的情况下,横波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙纵横比较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在频率-波数二维谱中,随着井径的增大,波动激发强度峰值所在的频率带以及波动的首次激发频率都向低频区域移动。由此认为：弹性波在裂隙性介质中传播时在受井径变化的影响下产生规律性响应,应用Hudson裂隙理论模拟裂隙介质的井场响应可以系统地分析裂隙参数和井径变化对声波传播规律的影响,进而指导实地裂隙储层声波测井勘探工作。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸IV#～VI#山梁稳定性分析

锦屏Ⅰ级水电站左岸IV#～VI#山梁发育较多的深裂缝,分布有断层F2、F5、F9,这些断层、深裂缝在空间上交切组合形成了巨大的潜在不稳定块体,其在开挖及泄洪雨雾条件下的稳定性问题备受关注。在大量野外地质调查的基础上,总结了岩体裂隙分布特征及其对稳定性的影响,分析了IV#～VI#山梁在泄洪雨雾条件下整体及浅表部的变形失稳模式。在此基础上,运用三维数值模拟方法,分析IV#～VI#山梁在边坡开挖过程中地应力的变化情况,尤其是拉应力的分布范围,以此分析开挖对边坡稳定性的影响,可见开挖对山梁整体的应力分布未见明显影响,对边坡整体稳定性影响不大。运用 FLAC3D软件模拟泄洪雨雾时水文地质条件改变情况下的IV#～VI#山梁变形情况,并进行了参数变化及地下水位变化的敏感性分析。参数变化分析结果表明,与地下水位变化相比较,前者边坡稳定性的影响更明显。     

土钉技术补强土质古窑受拉破坏裂缝

保护土遗址免遭损坏是一个难题。土钉锚杆技术在加固保存石质遗迹方面应用较多,而在土质遗址补强方面的应用则鲜有报道。船迫2号窑为一土质古窑,在移去古窑内部回填土的过程中,最薄弱断面部位出现受拉破坏裂缝。应用有限差分程序FLAC,在稳定性评价的基础上模拟分析了微型土钉补强该受拉破坏裂缝的可行性。参数研究包括土钉长度、倾斜角、间距和孔径等对补强效果的影响。考虑现场施工空间的限制和土遗址保存对外观的要求,提出了合理的补强设计和施工方案。微型土钉技术补强受拉破坏裂缝的成功实施,为土遗址的加固补强提供了典型案例,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Crack Coalescence in Molded Gypsum and Carrara Marble: Part 2—Microscopic Observations and Interpretation

Experimental uniaxial compression loading tests were conducted on molded gypsum and Carrara marble prismatic specimens to study the cracking and coalescence processes between pre-existing artificial flaws. The study showed that material had an influence on the cracking and coalescence processes (see the companion paper in this issue). As reported in the companion paper, one of the pronounced features as observed in the high-speed video recordings was the development of macroscopic white patches prior to the development of observable cracks in marble, but not in gypsum. This paper (part 2) deals with the microscopic aspects of the study. Specifically, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) imaging techniques were used to study the microscopic development of white patches and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks and shear cracks in marble, and the microscopic initiation of hair-line tensile cracks and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks in gypsum. The microscopic imaging study in marble showed that the white patches were associated with extensive microcracking zones (process zones), while the extent of process zone development in gypsum was limited. The comparison of the macroscopic and microscopic results indicates that the different extent of microcracking zone development, related to the material textural properties, is a key factor leading to different macroscopic cracking behavior in gypsum and marble.

基于3D-ILC球体45º三维双内裂纹复合断裂研究

断裂力学是各领域基础科学,材料内裂纹相互作用是断裂力学的重要研究领域,但目前球体内裂纹相互作用研究成果较少。基于三维激光疲劳内裂纹（3D-ILC）技术,在对球体试样表面无任何损伤的情况下,制作三维平行纯内裂纹,开展45o倾角平行双内裂纹单轴压缩试验,对双内裂纹的裂纹扩展过程、应力双折射规律、断口特征、破坏形态、相互作用等多方面开展研究,进行含双内裂纹I-II-III型圆球断裂数值模拟,分析KⅠ、KⅡ、KⅢ分布规律,与试验相符。结果表明：（1）球体双内裂纹在单轴压缩下之间发生屏蔽作用,主裂纹面穿过两预制内裂纹;（2）翼型裂纹光滑区呈现I-II型裂纹断口特征,翼型裂纹侧面撕裂区呈现“矛状”III型裂纹特征;（3）基于M积分计算的KI、KII、KIII分析与基于断裂特征的I、II、III型裂纹类型分析一致。3D-ILC技术可用于球体内裂纹相互作用断裂试验研究,球体内裂纹试验与理论分析为脆性材料内裂纹扩展及相互作用研究提供试验与理论参考。     

Simulation of morphological development of soil cracks in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region,Southwest China

Soil cracking is an important process influencing water and solutes transport in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley region of Southwest China. Studying the morphological development of soil cracks helps to further reveal the close relationship between the soil cracking process and water movement in such semi-arid regions. Here we report regular changes on surface morphology of soil cracks with decreasing water in four different soils (Typ-Ustic Ferrisols,Ver-Ustic Ferrisols,Tru-Ustic Vertisols and Typ-Ustic Vertiso...     

可控源音频大地电磁法在平阴县地质灾害调查中的应用效果

可控源音频大地电磁新方法在济南市平阴县安城乡东凤凰村地裂缝调查中发挥了重要作用,物探成果异常明显,推测了与地裂缝形成有关的隐伏断层产状,分析了地裂缝成因,据野外实地调查和访问,物探推测成果符合事实。该法在地质灾害调查等工程物探领域值得推广应用。