基于纹理和光谱信息的高分辨率遥感影像分类

提出了一种基于纹理和光谱信息的高分辨率遥感影像分类方法,阐述了其基本原理,并通过试验的对比和分析,证明了利用光谱特征与纹理特征相结合进行分类比单纯运用光谱特征进行分类效果更好。     

Distribution and functional response of sublittoral soft bottom assemblages to sedimentary constraints

Mollusc and annelid polychaete macrofaunal assemblages were studied in a sublittoral sandy bottom of 1.8 km² extension, along the western Calabrian coast (low Tyrrhenian Sea). The strict coupling of the local sedimentary dynamics with the benthic assemblages was investigated on a small spatial scale (patchiness), at the mesoscale depth-related gradients and at the level of functional/trophic habits. Non-metrical correlations (ρ), index of dispersion (Di) and dispersion weighted abundances, averaged per depth level highlighted the response of some characteristic species to the patchiness of sediments as well as to the predominant environmental gradients. Species habits and trophic guilds, that were assessed in terms of biomass (wet weight) and secondary “pseudo-production” (abundance × biomass), clarified the differential functional response of the assemblages at different depth levels. Polychaetes reached 84.86% abundance and showed a highly clumped distribution of sessile species (Ditrupa arietina, Aponuphis brementi, Chone acustica, Spiophanes kroyeri); to a lower extent the motile species (Hyalinoecia tubicola, Marphisa bellii, Phylo foetida) were present. Molluscs reached 15.14% abundance and only some bivalve taxa showed significant aggregated distributions (Corbula gibba, Tellina donacina, Tellina distorta), whereas gastropod species were more evenly distributed. Total biomasses were almost equal between the two taxonomic groups (46.41 g WW on average). Biotic–environmental rank matching highlighted depth, very fine sands (60–200 μm), sorting grade, skewness index and pH as being the most influential factors in the distributions of some species, followed secondarily by coarse silts (40–60 μm) and coarser sands (200–2000 μm). Within the local context of water/sediment oligotrophy, the adaptive strategies of macrofauna to a highly seasonal supply of autochthonous phytoplanktonic seston associated with imported macro debris and terrigenous components were emphasized. Evidence of such a differential nutrient supply was the clear functional differentiation of the shallower levels from the deeper ones, and the presence of an intermediate zone which was selectively dominated, in terms of abundance and biomass, by microphagous filter/suspension feeders. Moreover, the shortage of burrowing deposit feeders as well as the prevalence of motile macrophagous omnivores beyond 20 m depth may be considered as ecologically correlated aspects.     

黄河下游冲积平原潮土土壤孔隙微形态特征

土壤颗粒排列是影响孔隙特征的最基本因素。土壤薄片能够直接观察且定量的分析土壤孔隙特征。为了解不同质地土壤的孔隙差异,于山东省东昌府区采集不同质地土壤（壤土、黏壤土、砂质壤土）,通过常规方法和土壤微形态技术对比分析土壤孔隙特征。结果表明：三类样地土壤孔隙度均为表层向下逐渐减少。表层、底层差异在砂质壤土中主要体现于总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度,黏壤土、壤土则主要体现为总孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度。砂质壤土中各土层均以简单堆集孔隙为主;而0~10 cm黏壤土、壤土以复合堆积孔隙为主,其下复合堆积孔隙减少、其他形状孔隙增多。薄片图像测定孔隙数量可反映常规分析总孔隙度的50%左右,对于非毛管孔隙度则可反映80%左右。因此,土壤薄片更适合分析土壤非毛管孔隙。     

Dependence of sediment sorting on bedload transport phase in a river meander

It is widely recognized nowadays that there are at least two different phases of bedload sediment transport in gravel‐bed rivers. However, the transition between these phases is still poorly or subjectively defined, especially at bends in rivers, where cross‐stream sediment transport can strongly influence changes in the texture of the transported sediment. In this paper, we use piecewise models to identify objectively, at two points in the cross‐section of a river bend, the discharge at which the transition between bedload transport phases occurs. Piecewise models were applied to a new bedload data set collected during a wide range of discharges while analysing the associated changes in sediment texture. Results allowed the identification of two well‐differentiated phases of sediment transport (phase I and phase II), with a breakpoint located around bankfull discharge. Associated with each phase there was a change in bedload texture. In phase I there was non‐dominance in the transport of fine or coarse fractions at a particular sampling point; but in phase II bedload texture was strongly linked to the position of the sampling point across the channel. In this phase, fine particles tended to be transported to the inner bank, while coarse sizes were transferred throughout the middle parts of the channel. Moreover, bedload texture at the inner sampling point became bimodal while the transport of pebble‐sized particles was increasing in the central parts of the river channel. It is suggested that this general pattern may be related both to secondary currents, which transfer finer particles from the outer to the inner bank, and to the progressive dismantling of the riverbed surface layer. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Differences in preferential flow with antecedent moisture conditions and soil texture: Implications for subsurface P transport

Preferential flowpaths transport phosphorus (P) to agricultural tile drains. However, if and to what extent this may vary with soil texture, moisture conditions, and P placement is poorly understood. This study investigated (a) interactions between soil texture, antecedent moisture conditions, and the relative contributions of matrix and preferential flow and (b) associated P distributions through the soil profile when fertilizers were applied to the surface or subsurface. Brilliant blue dye was used to stain subsurface flowpaths in clay and silt loam plots during simulated rainfall events under wet and dry conditions. Fertilizer P was applied to the surface or via subsurface placement to plots of different soil texture and moisture condition. Photographs of dye stains were analysed to classify the flow patterns as matrix dominated or macropore dominated, and soils within plots were analysed for their water‐extractable P (WEP) content. Preferential flow occurred under all soil texture and moisture conditions. Dye penetrated deeper into clay soils via macropores and had lower interaction with the soil matrix, compared with silt loam soil. Moisture conditions influenced preferential flowpaths in clay, with dry clay having deeper infiltration (92 ± 7.6 cm) and less dye–matrix interaction than wet clay (77 ± 4.7 cm). Depth of staining did not differ between wet (56 ± 7.2 cm) and dry (50 ± 6.6 cm) silt loam, nor did dominant flowpaths. WEP distribution in the top 10 cm of the soil profile differed with fertilizer placement, but no differences in soil WEP were observed at depth. These results demonstrate that large rainfall events following drought conditions in clay soil may be prone to rapid P transport to tile drains due to increased preferential flow, whereas flow in silt loams is less affected by antecedent moisture. Subsurface placement of fertilizer may minimize the risk of subsurface P transport, particularily in clay.     

Intra-clinothem variability in sedimentary texture and process regime recorded down slope profiles

Shelf-margin clinothem successions can archive process interactions at the shelf to slope transition, and their architecture provides constraints on the interplay of factors that control basin-margin evolution. However, detailed textural analysis and facies distributions from shelf to slope transitions remain poorly documented. This study uses quantitative grain-size and sorting data from coeval shelf and slope deposits of a single clinothem that crops out along a 5 km long, dip-parallel transect of the Eocene Sobrarbe Deltaic Complex (Ainsa Basin, south-central Pyrenees, Spain). Systematic sampling of sandstone beds tied to measured sections has captured vertical and basinward changes in sedimentary texture and facies distributions at an intra-clinothem scale. Two types of hyperpycnal flow-related slope deposits, both rich in mica and terrestrial organic matter, are differentiated according to grain size, sorting and bed geometry: (i) sustained hyperpycnal flow deposits, which are physically linked to coarse channelized sediments in the shelf setting and which deposit sand down the complete slope profile; (ii) episodic hyperpycnal flow deposits, which are disconnected from, and incise into, shelf sands and which are associated with sediment bypass of the proximal slope and coarse-grained sand deposition on the medial and distal slope. Both types of hyperpycnites are interbedded with relatively homogenous, organic-free and mica-free, well-sorted, very fine-grained sandstones, which are interpreted to be remobilized from wave-dominated shelf environments; these wave-dominated deposits are found only on the proximal and medial slope. Coarse-grained sediment bypass into the deeper-water slope settings is therefore dominated by episodic hyperpycnal flows, whilst sustained hyperpycnal flows and turbidity currents remobilizing wave-dominated shelf deposits are responsible for the full range of grain sizes in the proximal and medial slope, thus facilitating clinoform progradation. This novel dataset highlights previously undocumented intra-clinothem variability related to updip changes in the shelf process-regime, which is therefore a key factor controlling downdip architecture and resulting sedimentary texture.     

利用对象和支持向量机的遥感信息提取方法探讨

土地利用/覆被专题信息的快速、高效、准确提取是遥感图像处理研究的重要方向。传统的遥感分类方法常依靠像元的光谱值,未充分利用影像的空间信息。本文将面向对象影像分割和支持向量机方法相结合,复合光谱和纹理信息,建立了Object-SVM分类模型,并与面向对象的模糊函数和基于像元的SVM方法相比较,探寻区域尺度土地利用/覆被信息提取方法。结果显示,Object-SVM模型有效地提高了遥感图像的分类精度和分类效率,对于区域尺度影像的快速、准确、客观的信息提取具有实际意义。     

基于知识的遥感图像地物提取方法研究

通过对图像知识库、图像数据库、纹理分析和形状分析等技术的研究,提出了一种基于知识的遥感图像地物提取的方法。该方法提取图像的纹理特征和形状特征,根据知识库中的先验知识进行推理,实现了遥感图像地物的判别和提取。     

块状硫化物矿床的宏观与微观构造

根据围岩及成因不同,块状硫化物矿床可以分为火山成因块状硫化物矿床(VMS)型和沉积喷流(SEDEX)型.文章对两类矿床从宏观和微观地质构造特征上进行总结,以期对找矿勘探乃至确定矿床成因类型起一定指导作用.     

The significance of needle-fibre calcite in a Lower Carboniferous palaeosol

Needle-fibre calcite occurs in association with root structures in a Lower Carboniferous calcrete crust. The origin of this form of calcite is discussed and the scattered literature from soil science, microbiology and geology is reviewed. It is concluded that while needle-fibre calcite is not diagnostic of any environment its origin is related to the activities of various micro-organisms, especially fungi. The use of needle-fibre calcite as a climatic indicator is reviewed and it is used, with other criteria, as evidence of fluctuating climates in the Lower Carboniferous.