Automated classifications of topography from DEMs by an unsupervised nested-means algorithm and a three-part geometric signature

An iterative procedure that implements the classification of continuous topography as a problem in digital image-processing automatically divides an area into categories of surface form; three taxonomic criteria–slope gradient, local convexity, and surface texture–are calculated from a square-grid digital elevation model (DEM). The sequence of programmed operations combines twofold-partitioned maps of the three variables converted to greyscale images, using the mean of each variable as the dividing threshold. To subdivide increasingly subtle topography, grid cells sloping at less than mean gradient of the input DEM are classified by designating mean values of successively lower-sloping subsets of the study area (nested means) as taxonomic thresholds, thereby increasing the number of output categories from the minimum 8 to 12 or 16. Program output is exemplified by 16 topographic types for the world at 1-km spatial resolution (SRTM30 data), the Japanese Islands at 270 m, and part of Hokkaido at 55 m. Because the procedure is unsupervised and reflects frequency distributions of the input variables rather than pre-set criteria, the resulting classes are undefined and must be calibrated empirically by subsequent analysis. Maps of the example classifications reflect physiographic regions, geological structure, and landform as well as slope materials and processes; fine-textured terrain categories tend to correlate with erosional topography or older surfaces, coarse-textured classes with areas of little dissection. In Japan the resulting classes approximate landform types mapped from airphoto analysis, while in the Americas they create map patterns resembling Hammond's terrain types or surface-form classes; SRTM30 output for the United States compares favorably with Fenneman's physical divisions. Experiments are suggested for further developing the method; the Arc/Info AML and the map of terrain classes for the world are available as online downloads.     

四川米易青皮村镁铁质侵入体的固结过程

含矿与无矿侵入体的区分是阐明岩浆型矿床成因的基础,也是深部找矿预测的依据。本文选择四川米易青皮村岩体为例,通过岩相学及矿物成分剖面和定量化结构分析,试图阐明无矿岩浆侵入体的固结过程,并与攀枝花含矿岩体对比,进一步揭示含矿与无矿侵入体形成过程的区别。岩相学分析表明,青皮村岩体中粒辉长岩的造岩矿物可以划分为四个世代：①粗粒斜长石→②中粒斜长石+单斜辉石→③黑云母+铁钛氧化物→④伟晶状斜长石,展示了封闭系统的固结过程。加上粗晶辉长岩脉的矿物组合钠长石+单斜辉石+角闪石+磷灰石,可以将青皮村岩体的组成矿物划分为5个世代,进而划分成四个晶体群：通道晶体群、岩浆房晶体群、基质晶体群和流体晶体群。晶体成分剖面分析表明,通道晶和岩浆房晶显示正环带,具有封闭系统降温结晶的特点,其中通道晶的生长伴随着减压作用;基质晶初始为正环带,末期显示反环带,反映了残余流体的聚集与逃逸;而流体晶体群的产出则反映了超临界流体的相分离和排气作用。定量化结构分析揭示了岩浆固结晚期的粗化过程,是封闭岩浆系统固结过程的重要证据,与岩相学和晶体成分剖面分析结果一致。此外,青皮村岩体中Fe Ti氧化物含量甚低,其体积分数仅为4%,暗示它们不可能聚集成矿。与攀枝花岩体相比,青皮村岩体固结过程中缺失先存晶体的溶蚀结构,后者被认为是高温含矿流体输入的结果。据此,本文提出,外来含矿流体(透岩浆流体)输入与否决定了镁铁质岩浆侵入体的产矿能力;进而认为,是流体输入导致了岩浆分异,而不是岩浆分异产生了含矿流体。     

Influence of soil texture on the binding energies of fine mineral dust particles potentially released by wind erosion

Models of the two aeolian processes (saltation and sandblasting) that lead to emission of fine dust particles (PM20) by wind erosion in arid and semi-arid areas have been combined to form the so-called ‘Dust Production Model’ (DPM). In this model, the size dependent binding energies of PM20 embedded within the wind-erodible loose soil aggregates or in the soil surface itself are key input parameters. Indeed, their values condition at the same time the intensity of emissions and their initial size distribution. Previous comparisons of vertical mass fluxes measured on-field with the model predictions suggest that these energies might be relatively independent of soil texture and also probably composition. Because this would greatly facilitate application of the DPM at regional or global scale, the objective of this work is to check experimentally the veracity of this result. The strategy that has been designed for this has involved selecting four natural soil samples collected in various source areas of the world and covering a wide range of textures and compositions. Then, these soil samples have been used to perform carefully controlled wind erosion simulations in a wind tunnel. During the experiments, which were carried out at different wind speeds with each soil, the horizontal flux (F_h) of saltating soil aggregates has been monitored. At the same time, number concentrations (C_i) of PM20 released by the sandblasting process were recorded in the 6 size classes of an optical size analyzer. Thus, the efficiency of the sandblasting process (defined as the ratio of C_i to F_h) could be determined for each of these size classes. Analysis of the results obtained in similar saltation conditions shows that for the four tested soils, and within the range of contents in clay and other components favoring aggregation (mostly organic matter and carbonates), the influence of soil composition and texture on binding energies of the PM20 particles within soil aggregates is at best a second order effect that can be neglected in large scale modeling of wind erosion by the DPM.     

贵州西南部威-紫-罗断裂带构造特征及演化

威-紫-罗断裂带作为扬子板块南缘陆内较大的断裂, 控制着周围地区的盆地沉积及构造样式。本文通过野外地质勘查、平衡剖面技术及流体包裹体测温, 探讨了威-紫-罗断裂带的空间结构特征及构造演化历史。结果显示, NW-SE向威-紫-罗断裂带空间分段特征清楚, 运动性质以逆冲和左旋走滑活动为主。流体包裹体测温结果指示该断裂变形环境位于上地壳, 以脆性变形为主, 温度小于200 ℃。剖面复原结果显示, 断裂带在早泥盆世-中三叠世时期处于引张伸展构造背景下, 控制了断裂两侧沉积序列。断裂带挤压变形起始于中三叠世晚期的印支运动时期, 强烈变形发生在晚侏罗世早燕山运动时期, 与华南地块的向西挤压有关。      

韩城区块构造煤类型及其产出煤粉特征分析

构造煤的发育是产生煤粉的关键,破碎后煤岩会产生固有煤粉,而疏松的结构会使得煤岩更容易受钻井、压裂和排采等工程扰动影响,进而产生更多的煤粉。韩城区块经历多期构造,断裂构造造成的煤岩脆性变形、褶皱拉伸与挤压造成的煤岩韧性变形导致构造煤发育。以采集煤样宏观特征差异划分煤体结构类型,运用测井解释识别不同煤体结构类型煤,从纵向和横向上总结区块煤体结构分布规律,并揭示不同煤体结构类型对产出煤粉形态、浓度、粒度特征的影响。     

铜陵矿集区块状硫化物矿床的二元结构特征

铜陵矿集区含金铜-硫-铁块状硫化物矿床,具有明显的地质地球化学二元结构性.与块状硫化物矿床的双层结构相对应,从下部浸染状-脉状矿化岩石到上部层状矿石,CaO、MgO、Fe2O3、FeO、Cu、Au、As等含量和δ18O、δ13C、δ30Si、Pb同位素逐渐增高,流体包裹体温度307.1℃→159.8℃和δ34S值逐渐降低.地质地球化学的二元结构特征,可以作为块状硫化物矿床找矿与勘探的重要标志.     

东北晚中生代断陷盆地J3—K1储层孔隙组合特征及孔隙结构类型

论述了东北晚中生代断陷盆了Ｊ３－Ｋ１储层的孔隙组合特征及砂岩储层的孔隙结构类型,砂岩储层的孔隙组合为５种类型,正常粒间孔及缩小粒间孔组合;正常粒间孔及粒间扩大溶孔组合;粒间扩大溶孔及铸模孔组合;粒内溶孔及胶结物内溶孔组合,微孔和裂缝与少量原生粒间孔及残余缩小溶孔组合;特殊储层的孔隙组合因储层类型的不同而异,砾岩储层以砾间孔隙＋砾间填隙物孔隙为主,安山岩储层为气孔＋裂缝或气孔＋裂缝＋砾（粒）间空隙。     

都龙锡锌矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义

都龙锡锌超大型矿床是中国第三大锡石硫化物矿床,其中的绿泥石化相当普遍,并与矿化关系密切。本文在岩矿鉴定基础上,利用电子探针对绿泥石进行了微区化学成分研究。研究结果表明,该矿床绿泥石为富铁种属的假鳞绿泥石、鲕绿泥石、蠕绿泥石(铁绿泥石)及铁镁绿泥石,指示形成于还原环境;绿泥石为泥质岩或铁镁质岩受热液交代蚀变的产物,绿泥石结构的离子置换主要体现为Fe对Mg的置换,反映其形成与含铁建造有关;绿泥石的形成温度为231～304℃,平均为269℃,属于中-低温范围。绿泥石的形成机制主要表现为溶蚀-结晶、溶蚀-迁移-沉淀结晶2种。绿泥石可能与锡成矿同期形成,其与矿石矿物的生成关系表明,燕山期岩浆活动对都龙矿床的叠加改造作用显著。     

Potential of texture from SAR tomographic images for forest aboveground biomass estimation

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) texture has been demonstrated to have the potential to improve forest biomass estimation using backscatter. However, forests are 3D objects with a vertical structure. The strong penetration of SAR signals means that each pixel contains the contributions of all the scatterers inside the forest canopy, especially for the P-band. Consequently, the traditional texture derived from SAR images is affected by forest vertical heterogeneity, although the influence on texture-based biomass estimation has not yet been explicitly explored. To separate and explore the influence of forest vertical heterogeneity, we introduced the SAR tomography technique into the traditional texture analysis, aiming to explore whether TomoSAR could improve the performance of texture-based aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation and whether texture plus tomographic backscatter could further improve the TomoSAR-based AGB estimation. Based on the P-band TomoSAR dataset from TropiSAR 2009 at two different sites, the results show that ground backscatter variance dominated the texture features of the original SAR image and reduced the biomass estimation accuracy. The texture from upper vegetation layers presented a stronger correlation with forest biomass. Texture successfully improved tomographic backscatter-based biomass estimation, and the texture from upper vegetation layers made AGB models much more transferable between different sites. In addition, the correlation between texture indices varied greatly among different tomographic heights. The texture from the 10 to 30 m layers was able to provide more independent information than the other layers and the original images, which helped to improve the backscatter-based AGB estimation.     

吉林双辽地区橄榄岩包体中熔体-岩石作用特征及其对地幔交代作用的启示

吉林双辽地区古近纪玄武岩中一方辉橄榄岩包体记录了上地幔交代作用的信息。原生斜方辉石被交代成因的单斜辉石和橄榄石所围绕,或形成反应边结构,或斜方辉石残留在次生单斜辉石中。这些反应结构仅出现在尖晶石的周围。电子探针分析表明次生单斜辉石具有高Mg#、Cr#和CaO/Al2O3比值,次生橄榄石高Mg#、CaO和Cr2O3,被交代的尖晶石边部高Cr#、CaO。由于交代作用并未影响橄榄岩体系的Mg#,而且熔体-岩石反应结构指示Opx(斜方辉石) Sp(尖晶石) 熔体(Ⅰ)→Cpx(单斜辉石) Ol(橄榄石) 熔体(Ⅱ),结合实验以及文献资料,认为双辽地区的岩石圈地幔受到了硅酸盐熔体的交代。这种交代导致橄榄岩中斜方辉石逐渐减少,单斜辉石和橄榄石逐渐增加,从而使方辉橄榄岩渐变成易剥橄榄岩。这种交代现象可能发生在软流圈-岩石圈接触带上的熔-岩反应区,暗示了在古近纪双辽地区岩石圈减薄和软流圈上涌导致的软流圈-岩石圈的相互作用仍在继续。