应用于龟山岛热液喷口探寻的散射光式水下浊度仪研制*

位于台湾岛东北部的龟山岛热液区属浅水型海底热液活动区,已探明有超过30处的热液喷口分布在约10—30m的水深范围内。通过机械封装、硬件电路以及配套软件的设计和加工,自制了散射光式水下浊度仪;2011年5月25—30日,使用该浊度仪,对龟山岛附近海域进行了拖航作业,在此次作业的东北方向发现一处新的热液喷口(24°50^′09^″N、121°58^′08^″E);海试结果表明,该水下浊度仪对于浊度较大海域有探测能力,对浊度较小海域的探测精度不高,还有待进一步改进。     

Shear behavior of geotextile-reinforced Chlef sand in the Mediterranean region: Laboratory investigation

Abstract

An experimental study about the effects of initial conditions of soil and geotextile reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of reinforced sand is presented in this paper. A series of direct shear tests are conducted on reconstituted specimens of dry and moist natural sand prepared with different initial water content (w?=?0, 1.5, 3, and 5%) and including the two arrangements of geotextile layers (one and two layers, respectively). Both S41 and PEC55types of non-woven geotextile were used and placed at different heights of the specimens to investigate the effect of geotextile reinforcement on the behavior of sand. Test specimens were prepared at Dr =80% of relative density and were subjected to three different normal stresses of 100, 200, and 300?kPa. The experimental results showed that the deposition mode (wet and dry) and the geotextile reinforcement have significant effects on the behavior of reinforced sand. The increase in shear strength is relatively more significant for specimens prepared with dry deposition mode as compared to those prepared with wet deposition mode and it increases with the number of geotextile layers, this effect becomes less significant for wet specimens. The experimental results also demonstrated that (PEC55) non-woven geotextile shows a better performance than the (S41) of geotextile. These results can be explained by the effective tensile strength property of polyester yarns of the (PEC55) non-woven geotextile that it has led to a significant increase in the shear strength.     

Estimates of lifetimes against pitch angle diffusion

We consider timescales on which particle distributions respond to pitch angle diffusion. On the longest timescale, the distribution decays at a single rate independent of equatorial pitch angle α₀, even though the diffusion coefficient, and the distribution itself, may vary greatly with α₀. We derive a simple integral expression to approximate this decay rate and show that it gives good agreement with the full expression. The roles of both the minimum and loss cone values of the diffusion coefficient are demonstrated and clarified.     

基于单程波方程的角度域保幅偏移(英文)

传统叠前深度偏移只能够提供地下的构造信息,但工业界在需要构造信息的同时还要与地下界面反射系数成比例的振幅信息。最近几年,基于单程波方程的保幅叠前深度偏移算法有了一定的发展,但是,基于炮域、单程波的保幅型叠前深度偏移必须应用反褶积型的成像条件,这种成像条件在构造复杂、速度变化剧烈的地区会出现不稳定现象。基于角度域的保幅深度偏移克服了这一不稳定性缺点的同时,还域的保幅深度偏移,模型和实际资料的试算分析验证该思路方法的正确性和有效性。     

应用叠前反演弹性参数进行储层预测(英文)

本文是利用叠前弹性参数反演结果进行致密性含气砂岩储层预测的一个实例研究。随着油气勘探开发的发展,叠前地震数据及其反演结果的应用研究已经广泛用于实际生产中。叠前地震数据的特有属性研究,不仅包括简单的AVO特性,还包括其他的弹性属性的变化特性。本文通过对含气砂岩岩芯弹性属性参数响应特征的分析,发现特定弹性属性参数或其组合可以作为流体检测因子。因此,可以利用叠前地震反演得到不同的弹性属性参数结果,进行储层解释和储层描述。该叠前反演方法是基于Zoeppritz方程的Aki—Richard简化公式建立起来的,根据测井数据和地质解释结果建立初始反演模型,反演的地震数据为叠前时间或深度偏移的共反射点道集数据,反演结果可以是不同的弹性属性参数及其组合。通过对一实际的致密性含气砂岩储层进行叠前弹性属性参数反演,并将反演结果与其它预测结果进行对比分析发现弹性属性参数λ和λρ, λ/μ,以及K／μ能够很好地预测含气储层,而且反演结果很好展现出储层中的含气特性。     

土与混凝土接触面反向剪切单剪试验

土与混凝土接触面的力学行为是土与结构共同作用研究中的一个主要课题。进行了17 %、20 %、24 %共3组含水率的土与混凝土接触面正反向单剪试验,每组试验分别考虑5个法向应力和4个正向剪切比。试验结果表明,在正向剪切比和含水率一定时,接触面反向剪切破坏仍遵循摩尔-库仑破坏准则。当正向剪切比为0.50、0.75、1.00时,对应反向剪切强度分别为各自正向初始强度的90 %、75 %、55 %,对应的反向剪切黏聚力约为初始正向剪切黏聚力的95 %、80 %、54 %,反向剪切摩擦角约为初始正向剪切摩擦角的90 %、76 %、57 %。试验结果可供相关工程数值分析参考。     

吸力内摩擦角的确定方法研究

吸力内摩擦角在非饱和土抗剪强度理论中是一个关键参数,因受设备、测试技术以及试验方法等的限制,对于其值的确定难度较大。详细地分析了土的基本物理力学性质、测试方法对吸力内摩擦角数值的影响,并通过定性分析和定量计算结合,认为干密度、含水率、内摩擦角、黏聚力与吸力内摩擦角之间存在着一定的非线性关系,因而借用人工智能--BP神经网络的方法构建了4:9:1的网络结构模型,实现了对吸力内摩擦角 的预测和计算。通过预测结果的分析可知,该模型模拟和预测的精度均较高,因此,该种方法可以应用到非饱和土吸力内摩擦角值的预测之中去。     

Cylindrical-wave approach for the electromagnetic scattering problem by buried two-dimensional objects

A spectral-domain method, for the solution of the two-dimensional electromagnetic plane-wave scattering by a finite set of perfectly-conducting or dielectric cylinders buried in a dielectric half-space, has been developed. The scattered field is represented in terms of a superposition of cylindrical waves, and use is made of the plane-wave spectrum to take into account the reflection and transmission of such waves by the interface. The problem is solved for both the near- and the far-field regions, for TM and TE polarizations. In this work we briefly resume the theoretical basis of our approach. For configurations in which more obstacles are buried in the ground, and they are near to one another, we give details about the convergence rate of our method, and about the properties of our algorithms for the integration of cylindrical functions. With our technique it is possible to simulate two-dimensional buried obstacles of general shape, by means of a suitable set of circular-section cylinders: in this paper we show preliminary results of simulations carried out using arrays of same-radius circular cylinders, and of different-radius circular cylinders.     

Crustal velocity structures and their tectonic implications in different tectonic block regions of the Chinese mainland

In this paper,the typical velocity structures and average velocities of the crust in six different active tectonic block regions are presented on the basis of previous studies and their tectonic implications are discussed. The results show that different tectonic units have different features of crustal velocity structures. In general,there are low velocity distributions in the crust in regions with strong tectonic activities,and the scales of low velocity distributions are related to the tectonic activitie...     

Topographic thresholds for plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes

Soil erosion plays an important role in plant colonization of semi‐arid degraded areas. In this study, we aimed at deepening our knowledge of the mechanisms that control plant colonization on semi‐arid eroded slopes in east Spain by (i) determining topographic thresholds for plant colonization, (ii) identifying the soil properties limiting plant establishment and (iii) assessing whether colonizing species have specific plant traits to cope with these limitations. Slope angle and aspect were surrogates of erosion rate and water availability, respectively. Since soil erosion and water availability can limit plant establishment and both can interact in the landscape, we analysed variations in colonization success (vegetation cover and species number) with slope angle on 156 slopes, as a function of slope aspect. After determining slope angle thresholds for plant colonization, soil was sampled near the threshold values for soil analysis [nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), water holding capacity]. Plant traits expressing the plant colonizing capacity were analysed both in the pool of species colonizing the steep slopes just below the threshold and in the pool of species inhabiting gentler slopes and absent from the slopes just below the threshold. Results show that the slope angle threshold for plant colonization decreased from north to south. For the vegetation cover, threshold values were 63°, 50°, 46°, 41° for the north, east, west and south slope aspect classes, respectively, and 65°, 53°, 49° and 45° for the species richness and the same aspect classes. No differences existed in soil properties at slope angle threshold values among slope aspects and between slope positions (just below and above the threshold) within slope aspect classes. This suggests that variations between slope aspect classes in the slope angle threshold result from differences in the colonizing capacity of plants which is controlled by water availability. Long‐distance dispersal and mucilage production were preferably associated with the pool of colonizing species. These results are discussed in the perspective of a more efficient ecological restoration of degraded semi‐arid ecosystems where soil erosion acts as an ecological filter for plant establishment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.