一种基于实践九号卫星的快速系统误差补偿技术

直接利用光学遥感卫星的严格成像模型对地面点进行定位,定位误差与卫星姿态测量误差有关,其中包括地球自转引起的偏流角误差和姿态角常差。偏流角误差可以根据星历数据予以有效消除,而姿态角常差一般要利用少量控制点进行消除。基于此,在消除偏流角的影响下,这里采用了一种改进的四元数算法——P-H算法用于快速计算姿态角常差,并对系统误差进行补偿。该技术较常用的欧拉角解算,具有原理简单,计算速度快和结果稳定的特点。通过实践九号卫星影像的实验表明,运用该技术能快速和大幅度提高卫星在稀少控制点情况下的定位精度。     

Cosmic ray scattering in compressible turbulence

We study the scattering of low-energy cosmic rays (CRs) in a turbulent, compressive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid. We show that compressible MHD modes – fast or slow waves with wavelengths smaller than CR mean free paths induce cyclotron instability in CRs. The instability feeds the new small-scale Alfvénic wave component with wavevectors mostly along magnetic field, which is not a part of the MHD turbulence cascade. This new component gives feedback on the instability through decreasing the CR mean free path. We show that the ambient turbulence fully suppresses the instability at large scales, while wave steepening constrains the amplitude of the waves at small scales. We provide the energy spectrum of the plane-parallel Alfvénic component and calculate mean free paths of CRs as a function of their energy. We find that for the typical parameters of turbulence in the interstellar medium and in the intercluster medium the new Alfvénic component provides the scattering of the low-energy CRs that exceeds the direct resonance scattering by MHD modes. This solves the problem of insufficient scattering of low-energy CRs in the turbulent interstellar or intracluster medium that was reported in the literature.     

Collisional hardening of compact binaries in globular clusters

We consider essential mechanisms for orbit shrinkage or 'hardening' of compact binaries in globular clusters (GCs) to the point of Roche lobe contact and X-ray emission phase, focusing on the process of collisional hardening due to encounters between binaries and single stars in the cluster core. The interplay between this kind of hardening and that due to emission of gravitational radiation produces a characteristic scaling of the orbit-shrinkage time with the single-star binary encounter rate γ in the cluster which we introduce, clarify and explore. We investigate possible effects of this scaling on populations of X-ray binaries in GCs within the framework of a simple 'toy' scheme for describing the evolution of pre-X-ray binaries in GCs. We find the expected qualitative trends sufficiently supported by data on X-ray binaries in Galactic GCs to encourage us towards a more quantitative study.     

大震前P波出射角和方位角的异常变化

给出了数字化地震记录Ｐ波初始部分平均出射角和方位角的分析处理方法，研究了山西大同ＭＬ＝６．１级地震以及唐山ＭＬ＝５．６级地震前出射角与方位角出现的异常变化，并对地震前地震波动力学特征的这一类前兆异常现象进行了初步讨论。     

哈雷彗星主尾流的研究

哈雷彗星在日彗距较大时出现长而直的主彗尾（尾流），这是很有趣的。尾流一般是指等离子体尾流；但是，当地球接近彗星轨道面时，尘埃尾流可能叠加到主彗尾上。在一般感光波段宽的彗星底片上很难区分这两种尾流。本文选取哈雷彗星在不同日彗距的5条主尾流，作了光度测量和比较分析。得出沿各尾轴及其垂直方向几个截面的亮度分布、亮度半极大全宽、尾轴的视风差角和真风差角及彗尾长度。在所分析的蓝敏底片上，过近日点前的2个尾流肯定是等离子体尾流，而5个尾流的相似性以及其他证据说明它们主要都是等离子体尾流，尘埃彗尾的污染是次要的。     

Transport of ionizing radiation in terrestrial-like exoplanet atmospheres

The propagation of ionizing radiation through model atmospheres of terrestrial-like exoplanets is studied for a large range of column densities and incident photon energies using a Monte Carlo code we have developed to treat Compton scattering and photoabsorption. Incident spectra from parent star flares, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts are modeled and compared to energetic particles in importance. Large irradiation events with fluences of 10⁶-10⁹ erg cm⁻² at the conventional habitable zone can occur at a rate from many per day (flares from young low-mass parent stars) to ∼100 per Gyr (supernovae and gamma-ray bursts). We find that terrestrial-like exoplanets with atmospheres thinner than about 100 g cm⁻² block nearly all X-rays, but transmit and reprocess a significant fraction of incident γ-rays, producing a characteristic, flat surficial spectrum. Thick atmospheres (?100 g cm⁻²) efficiently block even γ-rays, but nearly all the incident energy is redistributed into diffuse UV and visible aurora-like emission, increasing the effective atmospheric transmission by many orders of magnitude. Depending on the presence of molecular UV absorbers and atmospheric thickness, up to 10% of the incident energy can reach the surface as UV reemission. For the Earth, between 2×10⁻³ and 4×10⁻² of the incident flux reaches the ground in the biologically effective 200-320 nm range, depending on O₂/O₃ shielding. For atmospheres thicker than ∼50 g cm⁻² in the case of pure Rayleigh scattering and ∼100 g cm⁻² in the case of O₂/O₃ absorption, the UV reemission exceeds the surficial transmitted ionizing radiation. We also discuss the effects of angle of incidence and derive a modified two-stream approximation solution for the UV transfer. Finally, we suggest that transient atmospheric ionization layers can be frequently created at altitudes lower than the equilibrium layers that result from steady irradiation and winds from the parent star. We suggest that these events can produce frequent fluctuations in atmospheric ionization levels and surficial UV fluxes on terrestrial-like planets.     

Axisymmetry in protoplanetary nebulae – II. A near-infrared imaging polarimetric survey

In an imaging polarimetry survey of candidate post-AGB stars, scattering envelopes are detected around 20 objects. These envelopes represent the final mass-loss phases at the end of the AGB. In all cases, evidence for axisymmetry in the dust density is seen, suggesting that the presence of an axisymmetric outflow may be a ubiquitous phenomenon of the AGB to post-AGB transition. We use the polarized flux images to classify the objects into detached shell, bipolar and unresolved targets. Modelling based on a simple axisymmetric shell geometry supports the contention that post-AGB objects fall into one of two classes that differ in the amount of dust in the circumstellar environment: the detached shells correspond to stars with an optically thin expanding circumstellar envelope (CSE) whereas the bipolar and unresolved targets have optically thick dust structures, probably in the form of discs, which remain bound to the star, rather than partaking in the expansion of the AGB CSE. It is suggested that this bifurcation in morphology is rooted in the presence or absence of a binary companion, which determines whether or not a disc forms. Because the detached shell objects also appear axisymmetric, an additional mechanism for generating the axisymmetry, such as a magnetically shaped outflow, is needed if they do indeed have single star progenitors.     

The F-type asteroids with small inversion angles of polarization

UBVRI polarimetric observations carried out in 1997-2004 for the F-type Asteroids 302 Clarissa, 419 Aurelia, 704 Interamnia, and 762 Pulcova (V band only) are presented. Asteroid 419 Aurelia is characterized by a negative polarization branch which is unusual for low-albedo asteroids. Its depth is about 1%, while the inversion angle, close to 14°, reaches the smallest value ever observed for asteroids. This is the first definite example of a minor body exhibiting a considerable decrease of both the depth and width of the negative polarization branch in comparison with polarization properties of other low-albedo bodies, mimicking a behavior previously found in laboratory measurements of extremely dark surfaces. The F-type Asteroids 302 Clarissa and 704 Interamnia are also characterized by unusually small inversion angles compared to other asteroid types, while Asteroid 762 Pulcova seems to have an ordinary negative polarization branch. Laboratory measurements of low-albedo samples and computer simulations of light scattering by particles of irregular shapes were made to interpret observational data. We find that an optical homogeneity of regolith microstructure at scales of the order of visible light wavelengths may be responsible for relatively small values of the depth of the negative polarization branch and of the inversion angle. Peculiar features of the F-type asteroids compared to other taxonomic classes are discussed.