成层土中桩土相互作用的颗粒流模拟

以上海某桩基工程项目为背景, 使用颗粒流方法研究了成层土情况下的桩土相互作用过程。在考虑土层成层分布基础上, 将桩-土相互作用以平行连接模型来表征, 以颗粒接触模量、颗粒刚度比、摩擦系数、平行连接模量、平行连接刚度比、平行连接法向强度、平行连接切向强度作为平行连接模型的细观力学性质参数, 以土的黏聚力和压缩模量作为黏结强度和刚度比的取值基础, 以现场单桩竖向抗压静载荷试验所得荷载-位移曲线作为确定细观力学参数的基本标准, 开发了相应桩-土作用过程颗粒流模拟的二维颗粒流代码, 得到了不同土层的细观物理力学性质参数, 分析了竖向荷载作用下桩-土的相互作用过程与土粒的移动特征。结果表明, 不同土层中颗粒位移特征不同, 黏土颗粒位移明显大于砂土, 不同土层的桩-土粒接触力也不相同, 砂质粉土的摩擦系数和刚度较大, 所承受的接触力也就较大, 力链传递方向主要是法向方向。研究结果对分析成层土中桩的荷载传递机理具有一定的参考价值。     

A study of the reduction of ground vibrations by an active generator

This paper presents the concept of using an additional generator to prevent ground vibrations. A linear, transversally isotropic three dimensional half-space with the hysteretic damping model, acted upon by a harmonic vertical excitation is assumed. Equations of motion for the transversally isotropic ground model with the absorbing boundary conditions are presented and numerically integrated using FlexPDE software, based on the finite element method. The efficiency of the solution is analysed in terms of reducing the vertical and horizontal components of ground surface vibrations. Results in the form of a dimensionless amplitude reduction factor are presented for four different locations of a generator. The influence of the soil parameters and layers locations on the additional generator's efficiency is investigated. The vibration reduction efficiency in a four-story building is also presented.     

Analysis of pile groups in a poroelastic medium subjected to horizontal vibration

This work investigates the dynamic response of pile groups embedded in a poroelastic medium subjected to horizontal loading. The dynamic response is analyzed using the Muki and Sternberg Method. The load transfer problem is formulated in terms of a second-kind Fredholm integral. The dynamic impedance of the pile groups is computed using the pile–soil–pile dynamic interaction factors. The shear force, bending moment and pore pressure is obtained using the superposition method. Numerical results indicate that the pile flexibility ratio and the pile distance have considerable influence on the dynamic response of the piles and the poroelastic medium.     

城市轨道桥梁桩基抗震简化模型的比较研究

以郑州城郊铁路工程中独柱高架车站为例,将土体化为一系列弹簧,描述土体的变形性质。通过比较《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》中的非线性土弹簧、《铁路桥涵地基和基础设计规范》中的m系数法弹簧及Mindlin解弹簧进行建模计算得到的车站结构的地震响应,由结果可知结构地震响应对承台处弹簧刚度最为敏感。另外,将分布弹簧模型等代为六弹簧模型进行地震反应计算,结果表明桩体质量的影响与承台质量相比很小。     

Radial consolidation with variable compressibility and permeability following pile installation

The excess pore pressure generated by pile installation gradually dissipates following installation, which mainly dominates the increase of pile capacity with time. The dissipation of the excess pore pressure following pile installation has been widely investigated by experimental and theoretical studies. However, in most research, the consolidation coefficients were assumed to be constant for simplification, which may lead to errors. In the present study, the dissipation of the excess pore pressure is analyzed by radial consolidation theory with a variable consolidation coefficient based on the linear responses of e − ln(p^′) and e − log(k). The governing equation of the radial consolidation considering variable compressibility and permeability are solved by the variable separation method. Bessel functions are used to solve the differential functions for the time independent part. The excess pore pressure immediately after pile installation is obtained from cavity expansion theory and is used as the initial condition of the consolidation process. Moreover, the influences of variable compressibility and permeability on the variation of consolidation coefficient and excess pore pressure dissipation are analyzed.     

Prediction of load displacement response of single piles under uplift load

Load displacement response and ultimate resistance of piles in sand under uplift load are predicted by load transfer approach. The pile is divided into number of segments and assigned geometrical and material properties according to actual soil pile situation. The shaft resistance is obtained analytically in accordance with existing studies. The proposed method takes into account the length, diameter and relevant surface characteristics of pile and soil properties. The load displacement characteristics and the value of uplift capacity of vertical piles from field test have been predicted. Reasonable agreement has been found out between predicted and observed values of uplift capacity. Load transfer mechanism is capable of predicting the nonlinear variation of load-displacement response of piles.     

桩基础施工诱发岩溶地面塌陷与防治措施

本文对岩溶区桩基施工技术及多种常遇问题的处治进行了探讨,并针对某些特殊情况,提出了若干既能解决工程实际问题,又较经济合理的岩溶区桥梁桩基的处治方法,可供类似工程参考。     

Changing methods of location planning for retail companies

Academic research has made an enormous contribution to applied problem solving in the areas of retail planning and marketing. The aim of this paper is to review the changing methodologies used in store location research beginning with the work on simple checklist and analogue techniques in the 1960s. The arrival of geographical information systems (GIS) heralded the start of a second phase of work which eventually saw GIS established in many retail organisations. However, the main argument of this paper is the need to consider more sophisticated modelling procedures if the different types of corporate growth strategy are to be adequately investigated. This third phase of research development focuses on these models and illustrates the business potential of such approaches through a number of case studies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pile and pile group response to tunnelling using a large diameter slurry shield – Case study in Shanghai

The study investigates the disturbance to piles and pile groups caused by multiple nearby drives of a large diameter slurry shield-driven tunnelling machine in Shanghai. The minimum distance between the slurry shield tunnel (with diameter D = 15.43 m) and the adjacent pile groups of Metro Line 3 and Yixian Elevated Road is 1 m. The nonlinear finite element (FE) software program ABAQUS was used to analyse the movement of the pile groups caused by the process of shield tunnelling. A field investigation was conducted before the multiple crossings to study the impact (movement and excess pore water pressure) on the surrounding soil and piles caused by the tunnelling process. The field investigation is divided into two sections: (i) free-field tunnelling, and (ii) tunnelling close to trial piles pre-installed in the section. For the full-scale test, tunnelling variable, including slurry pressure and grouting pressure, are adjusted during construction to reduce the disturbance during tunnelling close to pile groups supporting two elevated bridges. The FE simulation of the multiple crossings includes two steps: (a) shield tunnelling along the south bound tunnel approaching the working shaft at the western bank of the Huangpu River, and passing separately between two adjacent pile groups of each bridge; (b) return tunnel passing again between the pile groups of the two bridges along the north bound tunnel. Three different FE models are generated: (1) free-field tunnelling process, (2) tunnelling close to trial piles, and (3) multiple tunnel passes adjacent to pile groups supporting the two elevated bridges. Most of the relevant factors in tunnelling are taken into consideration in the FE models including (a) slurry pressure, (b) grouting pressure, (c) grouting material hardening, and (d) soil-pile interaction.     

Longitudinal vibration of a pile embedded in layered soil considering the transverse inertia effect of pile

The dynamic response of a viscoelastic bearing pile embedded in multilayered soil is theoretically investigated considering the transverse inertia effect of the pile. The soil layers surrounding the pile are modeled as a set of viscoelastic continuous media in three-dimensional axisymmetric space, and a simplified model, i.e., the distributed Voigt model, is proposed to simulate the dynamic interactions of the adjacent soil layers. Meanwhile, the pile is assumed to be a Rayleigh–Love rod with material damping and can be divided into several pile segments allowing for soil layers and pile defects. Both the vertical and radial displacement continuity conditions at the soil–pile interface are taken into account. The potential function decomposition method and the variable separation method are introduced to solve the governing equations of soil vibration in which the vertical and radial displacement components are coupled. On this basis, the impedance function at the top of the pile segment is derived by invoking the force and displacement continuity conditions at the soil–pile interface as well as the bottom of pile segment. The impedance function at the pile head is then obtained by means of the impedance function transfer method. By means of the inverse Fourier transform and convolution theorem, the velocity response in the time domain can also be obtained. The reasonableness of the assumptions of the soil-layer interactions have been verified by comparing the present solutions with two published solutions and a set of well-documented measured pile test data. A parametric analysis is then conducted using the present solutions to investigate the influence of the transverse inertia effect on the dynamic response of an intact pile and a defective pile for different design parameters of the soil–pile system.