松潘-甘孜地体中部晚三叠世安山质增生弧的确定及其意义

本文研究揭示,巴颜喀拉-松潘甘孜地体(简称松潘-甘孜地体)中部三叠系复理杂岩中的安山岩块是增生弧岩浆活动的产物,具有高度不均一均匀的岩石组构、地球化学与同位素组成。特别是这些安山岩显示了与松潘-甘孜三叠系海相浊积岩具有高度的Sr-Nd同位素亲缘性,沿亏损地幔和三叠系海相浊积岩混熔曲线分布,且主要分布于三叠系海相浊积岩端元区。这表明该增生弧安山质岩浆主要由增生楔中的海相浊积岩基质部分熔融形成,并受到了增生楔中大洋岩石圈残片等超镁铁/铁镁质组分的不同程度混染。安山岩时代(226.8±1.9Ma~213.7±0.9Ma)以及同时期广泛的S型花岗岩侵入活动(228±2Ma~204±7Ma)揭示增生弧形成于晚三叠世Norian期。前人工作表明,位于松潘-甘孜地体东北隅的诺尔盖-松潘盆地是一个周缘前陆盆地。因此,松潘-甘孜地体并非单一构造成因的地质体,至少由二叠纪-三叠纪演化的古特提斯大洋和中三叠世拉丁期-晚三叠世诺列期周缘前陆盆地两部分构成。前者是松潘-甘孜地体的主体部分,由松潘-甘孜古特提斯洋在三叠纪时期快速收缩形成的增生楔杂岩组成,其上发育增生弧,局部残存古特提斯大洋盆地及被构造移置的洋壳残片;后者为西秦岭弧(248~234Ma)与扬子地块碰撞的产物。     

Petrology and sulfur and chlorine emissions of the 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung,Bali, Indonesia

 The 1963 eruption of Gunung Agung produced 0.95 km³ dense rock equivalent (DRE) of olivine±hornblende-bearing, weakly phyric, basaltic andesite tephra and lava. Evidence for magma mixing in the eruptive products includes whole-rock compatible and incompatible trace element trends, reverse and complex compositional zoning of mineral phases, disequilibrium mineral assemblages, sieve-textured plagioclase phenocrysts, and augite rims on reversely zoned orthopyroxene. Basalt magma mixed with pre-existing andesite magma shortly before eruption to yield basaltic andesite with a temperature of 1040–1100  °C at an assumed pressure of 2 kb, f O₂>NNO, and an average melt volatile content (H₂O±CO₂) of 4.3 wt.%. Magma-mixing end members may have provided some of the S and Cl emitted in the eruption. Glass inclusions in phenocrysts contain an average of 650 ppm S and 3130 ppm Cl as compared with 70 ppm and 2220 ppm, respectively, in the matrix glass. Maximum S and Cl contents of glass inclusions approach 1800 and 5000 ppm, respectively. Application of the petrologic method to products of the 1963 eruption for estimating volatile release yields of 2.5×10¹²g (Mt) of SO₂ and 3.4 Mt of Cl released from the 0.65 km³ of juvenile tephra which contributed to stratospheric injection of H₂SO₄ aerosols on 17 March and 16 May, when eruption column heights exceeded 20 km above sea level. An independent estimate of SO₂ release from atmospheric aerosol loading (11–12 Mt) suggests that approximately 7 Mt of SO₂ was injected into the stratosphere. The difference between the two estimates can be most readily accounted for by the partitioning of S, as well as some Cl, from the magma into a water-rich vapor phase which was released upon eruption. For other recent high-S-release eruptions of more evolved and oxidized magmas (El Chichón, Pinatubo), the petrologic method gives values two orders of magnitude less than independent estimates of SO₂ emissions. Results from this study of the Agung 1963 magma and its volatile emissions, and from related studies on eruptions of more mafic magmas, suggest that SO₂ emissions from eruptions of higher-S-solubility magma may be more reliably estimated by the petrologic method than may those from more-evolved magma eruptions. Received: 29 June 1994 / Accepted: 25 April 1996     

Characteristics of late Cenozoic volcanism along the Archibarca lineament from Cerro Llullaillaco to Corrida de Cori, northwest Argentina

The Archibarca lineament is one of several NW–SE-trending transverse lineaments that cut across the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile. Central Andean, Late Miocene–Quaternary subduction-related volcanism is mainly restricted to a 50-km-wide arc forming the approximately N–S axis of the Cordillera, but extends along the transverse lineaments for up to 200 km to the SE. Lineaments are interpreted to be deep-seated, long-lived basement structures or anisotropies, which can control the localization of magmatism and, in some cases, magmatic–hydrothermal ore deposits (e.g., the Escondida porphyry Cu deposit, Chile). As a first step towards exploring the regional-scale controls on magmatism and related mineralization exerted by such structures, the styles of volcanism and near-surface hydrothermal activity along a segment of the Archibarca lineament in the Puna of northwest Argentina are described here. Volcanic structures have been mapped and sampled along a 50-km transect from Cerro Llullaillaco, a large medium-K dacitic Quaternary stratovolcano, to Corrida de Cori, a range of Pliocene–Pleistocene high-K andesitic vents. Apart from a southeastward increase in K content and the predominance of dacitic lavas at Cerro Llullaillaco, the geochemical affinity of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks varies little in time or space. This uniformity extends further SE to Cerro Galán, where published data closely match the results from the study area. In detail, trace element compositions reveal the localized (in both time and space) effects of crustal contamination (recognized as Th>10 ppm), and depth of fractionation (1/Yb>0.7 ppm⁻¹, reflecting garnet residue). Explosive volcanic rocks such as ignimbrites show the strongest indications of crustal contamination, whereas the Cerro Llullaillaco dacite lavas mostly record significant garnet fractionation. Other lavas from the Llullaillaco area, including one flow from Cerro Llullaillaco, do not show garnet control, suggesting that different batches of magma stalled and fractionated at different levels in a thick (60-km) crust prior to eruption. The youngest volcanism in the Corrida de Cori area is represented by olivine–phyric basaltic andesite cinder cones and flows. The ascent of these relatively primitive magmas appears to have been controlled by late Quaternary normal faults, which directly tapped deeply derived melts. The Corrida de Cori volcanic range has experienced intense fumarolic alteration with deposition of abundant sulfate and native sulfur (previously mined at Mina Julia). Deeper levels of hydrothermal alteration have been sampled by an ignimbrite erupted from Cerro Escorial, which, among other lithic clasts, contains numerous fragments of vein quartz. Fluid inclusions in this quartz record evidence for a boiling, high-salinity fluid, which may represent a link between a high temperature magmatic–hydrothermal system at depth (i.e., a porphyry-type system) and shallow-level fumarolic activity. An ignimbrite erupted from Cerro Escorial preserves textures such as internal wave forms between flow units and surface wave morphologies at its distal limits that indicate flow as a series of dense turbulent pulses, which interdigitated and interfered with one another. Lithic lag breccias occur near the base of the flow proximal to the vent, but no air-fall deposits are preserved, probably due to transport of ash far from the vent by strong, high-altitude winds.     

汝城地区晚中生代火山岩地球化学特征及其对源区属性的指示

湘东南汝城地区发育一套由基性玄武岩和中酸性安山质-英安质岩石组成的火山岩建造,属于低钾拉斑系列,该火山岩系中两个玄武岩的K-Ar年龄分别为124.5±2.5Ma和127.6±1.9Ma,属晚侏罗—早白垩世产物。在主、微量元素上两者成分存在明显差异。其中安山质-英安质岩石具有高MgO特征,属高MgO岩石,LILE富集、Nb-Ta、Sr-P亏损强烈,(La/Yb)N=6.7～7.9,Eu*/Eu=0.74～0.85,具岛弧型微量元素配分型式,87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.71079～0.71118,εNd(t)=-7.64～-8.16,与adakites高Mg岩石有着明显的差别,可能是富集岩石圈地幔熔融后直接分异的产物;玄武岩LILE富集,Nb-Ta富集,(La/Yb)cn=4.0～4.3,Eu*/Eu=1.00～1.16,具OIB型微量元素配分型式,87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.70812～0.70832,εNd(t)=0.48～1.03,其源区具二元混合趋势,其源区可能是富集型岩石圈地幔端员与亏损的软流圈地幔端员的混合产物。汝城地区晚中生代玄武岩和高Mg安山质-英安质岩石源区属性的限定及其相互的空间依存关系表明该区晚中生代时有着较薄的岩石圈厚度,处于岩石圈伸展减薄的大地构造背景。     

Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia,Turkey

This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in K?br?sc?k, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Çaml?dere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and K?br?sc?k coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.     

吉林色洛河晚二叠世高镁安山岩SHRIMP锆石年代学及其地球化学特征

吉林色洛河地区发育高镁安山岩类,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果表明它们形成于晚二叠世(252±5Ma)。色洛河高镁安山岩类(SiO_259.08%～65.67%)具有富MgO(3.68%～5.30%),高Mg~#值(0.62～0.68,平均0.66),高Cr(203.17×10~(-6)～379.70×10~(-6),平均258.79×10~(-6))、Ni(98.13×10~(-6)～249.35×10~(-6),平均137.00×10~(-6))含量;富集大离子亲石元素(如Cs、K、Pb、Rh和Ba),亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Ti、Nb、P);富集LREE(Ce39.14×10~(-6)～48.74×10~(-6)),强烈亏损HREE (Yb 0.95×10~(-6)～1.27×10~(-6),Y 10.80×10~(-6)～13.13×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N13.27～16.66);但它们含有较低的Sr(158.62×10~(-6)～369.77×10~(-6),平均258.52×10~(-6))。它们属于中钾、钙碱性系列,具有明显的结晶分异和同化混染特征。上述地球化学特征表明它可能与消减沉积物流体交代形成富集地幔的部分熔融有关,其后又经历了分异和混染作用。这揭示它们形成于活动陆缘的构造背景,表明晚古生代末期古亚洲洋板块仍在消减,华北地块和佳木斯-兴凯地块(中亚造山带)最终的拼合时间可能在二叠纪之后。     

大兴安岭地区加格达奇东部早白垩世火山岩地层的厘定及地质意义

大兴安岭地区加格达奇东部发育一套安山质凝灰角砾熔岩、安山质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩、安山岩,1：20万加格达奇幅区调将其划分为中晚侏罗世壮志组（J₂-3z）和二叠纪星火组（P₂x）.本研究在加格达奇东部大黑山地区和额尔格奇地区安山岩中获得锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄分别为120±2.1 Ma和123.1±2.3 Ma,结合岩石组合特征,将原上述划分厘定为下白垩统龙江组（K₁l）,为大杨树盆地北部火山岩地层提供了新的同位素定年资料.     

内蒙古横峦山组类高镁安山岩年代学及地球化学特征

横峦山组火山岩主要分布在红柳河—牛圈子—洗肠井缝合线南部红山头一带。通过锆石同位素测年及岩石地球化学分析等方法对横栾山组火山岩进行研究,结果显示: 该组火山岩富集LREE,亏损HREE,无明显的负铕异常,稀土配分形式与日本Setouchi火山岩带中典型高镁安山岩类似。此外,该火山岩具较高的MgO含量(2.85%~4.13%)和较低的FeO^T/MgO比值( FeO^T/MgO=0.75~1.2<1.5),Al₂O₃含量介于5.59%~17.15%,CaO含量小于10% (5.97%~8.30%)。其岩石地球化学具有类高镁安山岩的特征,因此认为横峦山组火山岩形成于北山洋早期洋壳俯冲环境。横峦山组火山岩的锆石U-Pb测年结果为(453.5±2.7) Ma,代表着北山地区在晚奥陶世早期北山洋已经开始发生俯冲。     

Origin,petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of the early Eocene Altınpınar adakitic andesites in the eastern Sakarya Zone,northeastern Turkey

Early Cenozoic magmatism in the eastern Sakarya Zone (NE Turkey) provides an important constraint on the regional tectono-magmatic evolution of the region. Early Eocene syn-collisional adakitic rocks are observed as small stocks with outcropping areas commonly less than 10 km². This study presents petrography, whole-rock geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data, as well as in-situ ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age constraints on one of these adakitic andesites in the Altınpınar area of Gümüşhane, and discusses source region, petrological processes and geodynamic setting prevailed during their genesis. Andesites commonly show microlitic porphyric and vitrophyric porphyric textures, and include significant amounts of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). Plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxides and minor pyroxene are the main mineral phases. In-situ ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar amphibole dating constrains the cooling age of andesites into a time span from 52.8 ± 1.3–48.8 ± 1.9 Ma. Andesites are medium to high-K calc-alkaline and display most of the signatures typical of those of the adakites. They are characterized by moderate MgO (1.7–4.1 wt%), low Y (9−14 ppm), Yb (0.9–1.5 ppm), and HREE and high Sr (325−964 ppm) contents, and high Sr/Y (36–76) ratios. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t) (0.704948−0.705100) and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(t) (0.512588−0.512628) ratios are in the isotopic range of the adakites. All these geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the parental magma of adakitic andesites has been produced by partial melting of oceanic basalts under amphibole-eclogite facies conditions during the breakoff of the northern Neotethyan oceanic slab.     

鄂尔多斯地块西南缘中元古代玄武安山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

铁马河玄武安山岩位于鄂尔多斯地块西南缘,沿六盘山东麓断裂带出露。岩石发育气孔和杏仁状构造,具有斑状结构—间隐结构,斑晶主要为长条状斜长石和少量蚀变暗色矿物。岩石地球化学呈现富Na2O、FeOT、Al2O3,贫MgO、TiO2、K2O的特点,稀土配分曲线为右倾轻稀土富集型,LREE/ HREE=6. 50~7. 01,(La/Yb)N为5. 62~7. 14,富集Ba、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,Nb、Sr和Ti相对亏损,δEu= 0. 69~0. 91。样品n（87Sr)/n(86Sr)i为0. 70587~0. 70934,εNd(t)介于-6. 9 ~ -4. 8之间,TDM为2562~2730 Ma,Nb/Ta（6. 60~8. 25）低于大陆地壳的平均值,指示了受俯冲流体改造的古老富集地幔参与了岩浆形成。SHRIMP锆石U- Pb定年结果显示铁马河玄武安山岩形成于中元古代早期（~1740 Ma）,其形成与研究区中元古代早期陆内伸展作用引起的古老岩石圈地幔减压熔融有关,是华北克拉通陆内裂谷发育过程在鄂尔多斯地块西南缘的体现。