安山岩风化过程中元素行为——以豫西熊耳山地区为例

在风化过程中主量元素的风化行为可用风化指数来表征,但对在地球化学中更重要的微量元素的风化行为还缺少研究。本文研究了豫西熊耳山地区—安山岩风化剖面,发现花岗岩风化指数(WIG)也适用于安山岩风化过程的定量表征。基于上陆壳作标准绘制风化剖面样品稀土元素配分曲线时,发现风化过程稀土元素出现分馏现象,表现为富集中稀土;但基于球粒陨石作标准时,风化壳样品均具有相似的稀土配分曲线形态,即上陆壳是一种比球粒陨石更为敏感的稀土元素标准化标尺。牛头沟金矿区安山岩风化过程中部分微量表现出随风化程度增强而显著富集的特征,Au、Ag含量变化可达两个数量级以上,Pb、As、Hg可达一个数量级以上。     

西天山玉希莫勒盖达坂玄武安山岩—高钾玄武安山岩—粗安岩组合的发现及其地质意义

在阿吾拉勒东段玉希莫勒盖达坂地区大哈拉军山组主要是一套以安山质（粗安质）-英安质（粗面质-粗面英安质）火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩为主的火山岩建造。根据岩石地球化学特征,本文在大哈拉军山组火山岩的上部厘定出了钙碱性玄武安山岩—高钾钙碱性玄武安山岩—粗安岩（橄榄安粗岩系）组合。微量元素地球化学特征显示,三类岩石形成于岛弧环境,钙碱性玄武安山岩的形成与板片俯冲作用有关,而高钾钙碱性玄武安山岩和粗安岩的形成则与俯冲板片断裂诱发的软流圈上涌作用有关。钙碱性玄武安山岩—高钾钙碱性玄武安山岩—粗安岩组合的存在说明阿吾拉勒东段在晚石炭世由于俯冲板片的断裂,构造体制由挤压转变为伸展。玉希莫勒盖达坂大哈拉军山组上部的火山岩组合与世界许多著名铜-金矿集区（如Papua New Guinea）的火山岩组合相似,显示该地区晚石炭世具有良好的铜、金成矿条件。     

小兴安岭西北部与永新金矿有关岩浆岩的年代学和地球化学及成矿构造环境

永新金矿是近年发现的大型蚀变岩型脉状金矿床,闪长玢岩脉等与金矿脉相互穿切并侵入于上盘龙江组火山岩中。锆石LA ICP MS U-Pb测年显示,龙江组安山岩结晶年龄为(1137 ± 18)Ma,闪长玢岩结晶年龄为(1148 ± 19)Ma,均形成于早白垩世晚期。二者钠钾含量变化相对较大,相对富铝富铁、钙镁含量中等,从火山岩到脉岩表现为钙碱性向碱性系列过渡特征。火山岩、脉岩与矿石的稀土元素配分曲线有很好的一致性,矿石稀土含量低于岩石。岩石微量元素总体显示Zr、Hf、Nd、U等明显富集,而Nb、Ta、Th、P、Ti等明显亏损。在Sr/Y-Y和(La/Yb)N-(Yb)N图解中,所有样品均落入经典岛弧岩石范围;在Nb-Y、Ta-Yb的构造环境判别图中均处于火山弧岩浆岩区,在(La/Yb)N-δEu变异图上落在壳-幔型岩浆范围。结合矿床稳定同位素及区域金矿时空分布规律等综合特征,认为永新金矿的形成与早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲所引发的(火山)岩浆活动有关。     

The eruptive history of the Mascota volcanic field,western Mexico: Age and volume constraints on the origin of andesite among a diverse suite of lamprophyric and calc-alkaline lavas

The Mascota volcanic field is located in the Jalisco Block of western Mexico, where the Rivera Plate subducts beneath the North American Plate. It spans an area of ∼ 2000 km² and contains ∼ 87 small cones and lava flows of minette, absarokite, basic hornblende lamprophyre, basaltic andesite, and andesite. There are no contemporary dacite or rhyolite lavas. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are presented for 35 samples, which are combined with nine dates from the literature to document the eruptive history of this volcanic field. The oldest lavas (2.4 to 0.5 Ma) are found in the southern part of the field area, whereas the youngest lavas (predominantly < 0.5 Ma) are found in the northern portion. On the basis of these ages, field mapping, and the use of ortho aerial photographs and digital elevation models, it is estimated that a combined volume of 6.8 ± 3.1 km³ erupted in the last 2.4 Myr, which leads to an average eruption rate of ∼ 0.003 km³/kyr, and an average volume per eruptive unit of < 0.1 km³. The dominant lava type is andesite (2.1 ± 0.9 km³), followed by absarokite (1.6 ± 0.8 km³), basaltic andesite (1.2 ± 0.5 km³), basic hornblende lamprophyre (1.0 ± 0.4 km³), and minette (0.9 ± 0.5 km³). Thus, the medium-K andesite and basaltic andesite comprise approximately half (49%) of the erupted magma, with twice as much andesite as basaltic andesite, and they occur in close spatial and temporal association with the highly potassic, lamprophyric lavas. There is no time progression to the type of magma erupted. A wide variety of evidence indicate that the high-MgO (8–9 wt.% ) basaltic andesites (52–53% wt.% SiO₂) were formed by H₂O flux melting of the asthenopheric arc mantle wedge, whereas the mafic minettes and absarokites were formed by partial melting (induced by thermal erosion) of depleted lithospheric mantle containing phlogopite-bearing veins. There is only limited differentiation of the potassic magmas, with none more evolved than 55.4 wt.% SiO₂ and 4.4 wt.% MgO. This may be attributable to rapid crystallization of the mantle-derived melts in the deep crust, owing to their low volumes. Thus, the andesites (58–63 wt.% SiO₂) are notable for being both the most voluminous and the most evolved of all lava types in the Mascota volcanic field, which is not consistent with their extraction from extensively crystallized (60–70%), low-volume intrusions. Instead, the evidence supports the origin of the andesites by partial melting of amphibolitized, mafic lower crust, driven by the emplacement of the minettes, absarokites, and the high-Mg basaltic andesites.     

吉南新太古代高镁安山岩及其地质意义

吉南张三沟岩组和金银别岩组发育一套高镁安山岩类,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年为（2 493±12）Ma,形成于新太古代。高镁安山岩类属于钙碱性系列,w(SiO₂)为 53.93%～57.90%,富MgO(w(MgO)为6.54%～8.82%）,高Mg^#值(0.68～0.71, 平均0.69),高铬(w(Cr)为(270.66～1 117.30)×10^－6,平均443.62×10^－6）,高镍(w(Ni) 为(141.74～542.98)×10^－6,平均250.50×10^－6）,这种高MgO、Cr、Ni的特征表明其成因与地幔部分熔融有关。另一方面,该岩石富集大离子亲石元素（如Sr、Cs、K、Pb、Rb和Ba）,亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta、Ti、P）,富集LREE（w(Ce)为(38.34～59.34)×10^－6）,亏损HREE（w(Yb)为(1.38～1.57)×10^－6）,显示弧火山岩的特点。上述地球化学特征表明,岩石可能是消减板片脱水流体或者消减板片部分熔融的熔体与地幔橄榄岩相互作用的结果,揭示它们形成于消减带的构造环境,表明新太古代已经存在现代类型的板块构造。     

High-Mg diorites derived from sanukitic HMA magmas, Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc: evidence from clinopyroxene and whole rock compositions

High-Mg diorites that have similar whole rock composition to high-Mg andesites (HMAs) should not be simply interpreted as rocks solidified from the HMA magmas, because the high-Mg diorites may be mafic cumulates derived from a different magma from the HMAs.

The HMAs contain unique clinopyroxenes with higher Mg# and Si than those of other sub-alkaline series igneous rocks. The Mg# and Si are controlled by the source magma composition rather than its crystallized conditions such as pressure and temperature. The chemical composition of clinopyroxenes would present important information for the investigation of the source of high-Mg diorites.

We considered the source of Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites on Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc, based on their clinopyroxene and whole rock compositions. The clinopyroxenes have similar chemical characteristics to those in HMAs rather than those in other sub-alkaline rocks. Moreover, the whole rock compositions are equivalent to the sanukitic HMA and do not show features of mafic cumulates. This indicates that the high-Mg diorites solidified from sanukitic HMA magmas. It is generally believed that the sanukitic HMA magmas involve the subduction of a young and/or hot oceanic slab was situated in their genesis. Therefore, the occurrence of the high-Mg diorites suggests that Kyushu was situated in the tectonic setting of young and/or hot slab subduction in the Early Cretaceous.     

藏北羌塘菊花山那底岗日组火山岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其意义

那底岗日组主要为一套中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩,夹砂砾岩的岩石组合,主要分布在藏北羌塘中部地区,龙木错-双湖缝合带的北侧。对那底岗日组底部安山岩进行锆石SHRIMP测年,时代为219±4Ma,确定那底岗日组火山岩早期喷发时间为晚三叠世而不是早侏罗世,与龙木错-双湖一线的低温高压变质带的时代基本一致。结合区域地质资料,那底岗日组火山岩可能形成于板块消减的火山弧构造环境,为龙木错-双湖缝合带晚三叠世向北俯冲消减的产物。     

阿尔泰喀纳斯早泥盆纪钾质富镁英安岩:俯冲沉积物熔体交代

阿尔泰造山带喀纳斯地区出露一套钾质富镁英安岩,锆石U-Pb定年显示其形成于早泥盆世(411±4 Ma)。该套英安岩富SiO_2(64.71～67.77 wt%),MgO(3.28～3.53 wt%)和K_2O(2.12～2.75 wt%),贫Na_2O(1.70～1.85wt%),K_2O/Na_2O比值介于(1.20～1.53),具较高的Al_2O_3(14.12～15.33 wt%)和较低的CaO(1.12～1.28 wt%),ASI指数1.8,显示过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列特征,明显不同于初始的高镁安山质岩浆。样品具有中等的Cr(134×10~(-6)～153×10~(-6))、Co(17.47×10~(-6)～18.65×10~(-6))、Ni(71.64×10~(-6)～80.76×10~(-6))含量,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和高场强元素U、Th、Pb及LREE,发育Sr、Ba及"TNT"(Ta、Nb、Ti)负异常,显示俯冲带岩浆岩地球化学特征。其高的Mg~#(51.71～52.47)和低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-4.6～-4.2)说明该套火山岩可能来自遭受强烈交代作用的地幔楔部分熔融。样品具有较高的Ba/La、Pb/La比值和较低的Th/Yb、Nb/Y比值,显示地幔交代作用以俯冲沉积物熔体的交代作用为主。以上地球化学特征说明,喀纳斯钾质富镁英安岩可能主要是受俯冲沉积物熔体交代的上覆地幔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,阿尔泰泥盆纪处于俯冲作用相关的活动大陆边缘构造环境。此外,该套火山岩的形成时代制约了其下覆的哈巴河群沉积上限,显示哈巴河群沉积于早泥盆世之前。     

北祁连浪力克铜矿镁安山质岩石年代学及地球化学特征

浪力克铜矿床位于北祁连造山带中段的冷龙岭复式背斜内,铜矿体主要赋存于火山通道内的闪长玢岩及其邻近的安山岩中,本文对矿区内赋矿的安山岩和石英闪长玢岩进行岩石学、地球化学研究,对安山岩进行锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以探讨矿区火山岩的岩石成因与形成环境,并对成矿时代进行约束。岩石地球化学数据显示,安山岩和石英闪长玢岩的化学特征十分相似,均具有高镁的特点,以大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U、K)强烈富集和高场强元素相对亏损及出现明显的Nb、Ta、P、Ti谷为特征,Cr和Ni含量较高,稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦型,∑REE较低,轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,略微富集轻稀土,基本无Eu异常,为一套高镁安山质岩石组合,其特点可以和世界某些高镁安山岩相对比,属于岛弧构造环境岩浆作用的产物,很可能为俯冲洋壳脱水熔融产生的熔体与地幔楔反应形成的。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,浪力克铜矿区安山岩的成岩年龄为479.2±3.4Ma,时代为早奥陶世,代表了浪力克铜矿的成矿下限年龄。     

藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带西段沙木罗组火山岩年代学、Hf同位素及地球化学特征

班公湖-怒江缝合带在中生代的构造岩浆演化一直以来都是青藏高原基础地质研究中的热点之一.在该缝合带南部的冈底斯北部地区发育大量的中生代火山岩及相关岩浆岩,其岩石成因与成岩地球动力学背景长期以来存在较大的争议.以班公湖-怒江缝合带西段阿翁错地区沙木罗组新发现的火山岩夹层为研究对象,对沙木罗组的形成时代、火山岩的成因、构造环境以及动力学背景进行了探讨.沙木罗组火山岩由下部扎果安山岩和中部昂母过安山质晶屑凝灰岩组成.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明下部扎果安山岩锆石结晶年龄为141.3±1.7 Ma,中部昂母过安山质晶屑凝灰岩的锆石结晶年龄为134.0±0.4 Ma,与区域上沙木罗组产出的化石及碎屑锆石约束时代较为一致.研究区沙木罗组下部安山岩以低硅(SiO₂=52.58%～55.35%)、低铝(Al₂O₃=14.43%～15.44%,A/CNK=0.58～0.75)、富镁(MgO=6.12%～8.51%)、富钠(Na₂O=1.55%～5.03%,Na₂O/K₂O=1.8...