Early Jurassic intra‐oceanic arc system of the Neotethys Ocean: Constraints from andesites in the Gangdese magmatic belt,south Tibet

The Gangdese magmatic belt is located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane, south Tibet. Here zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data, as well as whole‐rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopes on andesites from the Bima Formation with a view to evaluating the history of the Gangdese magmatism and the evolution of the Neotethys Ocean. Zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of ca 170 Ma from six samples, representing the eruptive time of these volcanic rocks. Zircon Hf isotopes show highly positive ε_Hf(t) values of +13 to +16 with a mean of +15.2. Whole‐rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic results suggest that the magma source of these andesites was controlled by partial melting of a depleted mantle source with addition of continental‐derived sediments, similar to those in the southern arcs of the Lesser Antilles arc belt. In combination with published data, the volcanic rocks of the Bima Formation are proposed to have been generated in an intra‐oceanic arc system, closely associated with northward subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere.     

Ignimbrites of basaltic andesite and andesite compositions from Tanna,New Hebrides Arc

Tanna island is part of a large volcanic complex mainly subsided below sea-level. On-land, two series of hydroclastic deposits and ignimbrites overlie the subaerial remains of a basal, mainly effusive volcano. The ‘Older’ Tanna Ignimbrite series (OTI), Late Pliocene or Pleistocene in age, consists of ash flows and ash- and scoria-flow deposits associated with fallout tephra layers, overlain by indurated pumice-flow deposits. Phreatomagmatic features are a constant characteristic of these tuffs. The ‘younger’ Late Pleistocene pyroclastics, the Siwi sequence, show basal phreatomagmatic deposits overlain by two successive flow units, each comprising a densely welded layer and a nonwelded ash-flow deposit. Whole-rock analyses of 17 juvenile clasts from the two sequences (vitric blocks from the phreatomagmatic deposits, welded blocks, scoriaceous bombs and pumices from the ignimbrites) show basaltic andesite and andesite compositions (SiO₂=53–60%). In addition, 296 microprobe analyses of glasses in these clasts show a wide compositional range from 51 to 69% SiO₂. Dominant compositions at ∼54, 56, 58.5 and 61–62% SiO₂ characterize the glass from the OTI. Glass compositions in the lower – phreatomagmatic – deposits from the Siwi sequence also show multimodal distribution, with peaks at SiO₂=55, 57.5, 61–62 and 64% whereas the upper ignimbrite has a predominant composition at 61–62% SiO₂. In both cases, mineralogical data and crystal fractionation models suggest that these compositions represent the magmatic signature of a voluminous layered chamber, the compositional gradient of which is the result of fractional crystallization. During two major eruptive stages, probably related to two caldera collapses, the OTI and Siwi ignimbrites represent large outpourings from these magmatic reservoirs. The successive eruptive dynamics, from phreatomagmatic to Plinian, emphasize the role of water in initiating the eruptions, without which the mafic and intermediate magmas probably would not have erupted. Received: February 19, 1993/Accepted October 10, 1993     

西昆仑造山带东段中新元古代洋内弧火山岩地球化学特征

分布于新疆西昆仑东段北缘(策勒—于田—民丰一线以南)的中新元古代火山岩主要为一套浅变质的(玄武)安山岩,夹有极少量的流纹岩。安山岩的SiO2在52.36%～58.30%之间,平均为54.55%,TiO2均低于0.3%,平均为0.22%。Na2O+K2O为1.70%～3.75%,Na2O均高于K2O,Na2O/K2O在2.44～4.61之间,M/F为0.62～0.78,MgO/(MgO+TFe)在0.36～0.45之间。岩石硅碱成分显示以钙碱性为主。稀土元素研究表明,安山岩的稀土总量低,在15.52×10-6～17.92×10-6之间,接近大洋拉斑玄武岩。安山岩的(La/Yb)N为0.69～1.33,(Ce/Yb)N为0.75～1.17,轻重稀土分异不明显。除1028-I3号样的δEu为0.6之外,其余样品的δEu在0.91～1.13之间,基本没有Eu异常。在稀土元素的球粒陨石配分曲线上,所有安山岩形成一个群体,稀土配分模式接近大洋拉斑玄武岩。岩石的微量元素安山岩的Th/Yb为0.04～0.10,Th/Ta=5.92～11.22,Zr/Hf=20.46～29.40,Th/Y之比为0.04～0.08。微量元素的N—MORB配分模式显示岩石富集Sr、Ba、Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素,Cr亏损,与拉斑质的火山弧玄武岩相似。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征,结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于洋内弧环境。     

Genesis and evolution of subduction-zone andesites: evidence from melt inclusions

Andesite magmatism plays a major role in continental crustal growth, but its subduction-zone origin and evolution is still a hotly debated topic. Compared with whole-rock analyses, melt inclusions (MIs) can provide important direct information on the processes of magma evolution. In this article, we synthesize data for melt inclusions hosted by phenocrysts in andesites, extracted from the GEOROC global compilation. These data show that melt inclusions entrapped by different phenocrysts have distinct compositions: olivine-hosted melt inclusions have basalt and basaltic andesite compositions, whereas melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and othopyroxene are mainly dacitic to rhyolitic. Hornblende-hosted melt inclusions have rhyolite composition. The compositions of melt inclusions entrapped by plagioclase are scattered, spanning from andesite to rhyolite. On the basis of the compositional data, we propose a mixing model for the genesis of the andesite, and a two-chamber mechanism to account for the evolution of the andesite. First, andesite melt is generated in the lower chamber by mixing of a basaltic melt derived from the mantle and emplaced in the lower crust with a felsic melt resulting from partial melting of crustal rocks. Olivine and minor plagioclase likely crystallize in the lower magma chamber. Secondly, the andesite melt ascends into the upper chamber where other phenocrysts crystallize. According to SiO₂-MgO diagrams of the MIs, evolution of the andesite in the upper chamber can be subdivided into two distinct stages. The early stage (I) is characterized by a phenocrystal assemblage of clinopyroxene + othopyroxene + plagioclase, whereas the late stage (II) is dominated by crystallization of plagioclase + hornblende.     

大兴安岭中段晚三叠世安第斯型安山岩:蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板片南向俯冲作用的产物

本文报道了大兴安岭中段火龙沟地区晚三叠世安山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、Lu-Hf同位素组成以及全岩地球化学数据,以揭示蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板片早中生代期间南向俯冲作用的过程。火龙沟地区安山岩的锆石均呈自形-半自形,具有典型的振荡生长环带和高Th/U(0.48~1.47)比值的特征,暗示其为岩浆成因锆石。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,火龙沟地区安山岩形成于236±1Ma的晚三叠世。这些晚三叠世安山岩的Si O_2含量为51.44%~66.67%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量为5.01%~6.88%,Al_2O_3含量为13.14%~19.20%,Fe_2O_3~T含量为5.11%~9.55%,Ti O_2含量为0.65%~1.66%,具有较高的MgO(2.15%~4.64%)、Cr(43.7×10~(-6)~212.0×10~(-6))和Ni(20.2×10~(-6)~100.0×10~(-6))含量以及Mg~#值(45~55),为钙碱性系列岩石。安山岩样品富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Sr等)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti等)和重稀土元素,且具有微弱的Eu异常(δEu=0.84~1.13),与俯冲带岩浆岩地球化学特征相似。安山岩中的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为+8.9~+11.6,相应的Hf同位素一阶段模式年龄(t_(DM1))为525~414Ma。上述特征表明火龙沟地区晚三叠世安山岩岩浆可能起源于俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔,源区可能还存在少量俯冲沉积物的贡献,并在岩浆演化的过程中经历了角闪石、斜长石和磷灰石等矿物的分离结晶作用。结合区域地质资料,认为研究区晚三叠世安山岩形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板片南向俯冲作用相关的安第斯型活动大陆边缘环境,且蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板片在晚三叠世期间经历了低角度俯冲到高角度俯冲的转变。     

内蒙古东部得耳布尔铅锌矿床安山岩的形成环境和岩浆热液演化史:锆石U-Pb定年

得耳布尔铅锌矿床是一座与火山作用有关的中型以上热液脉型多金属矿床,产于大兴安岭西坡中段得尔布干成矿带北段。笔者对矿区内发育的赋矿围岩安山岩开展了单颗粒锆石U-Pb测年,实验结果揭示:安山岩的岩浆期为144~139 Ma(加权平均年龄为141.6±1.8 Ma,MSWD=0.69,n=6)、岩浆热液期为136~132 Ma(加权平均年龄为134.7±5.7 Ma,MSWD=1.3,n=3)及热液期为129~128 Ma(加权平均年龄为128.4±2.5 Ma,MSWD=0.074,n=3),火山岩浆-热液作用经历了至少13 Ma;成岩作用发生在中国东部早白垩世岩石圈减薄期。     

Petrogenesis of gold-mineralized magmatic rocks of the Taerbieke area,northwestern Tianshan (western China): Constraints from geochronology,geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic compositions

Many Late Paleozoic Cu–Au–Mo deposits occur in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, their tectonic settings and associated geodynamic processes have been disputed. This study provides age, petrologic and geochemical data for andesites and granitic porphyries of the Taerbieke gold deposit from the Tulasu Basin, in the northwestern Tianshan Orogenic Belt (western China). LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the granitic porphyries have an Early Carboniferous crystallization age (349 ± 2 Ma) that is broadly contemporaneous with the eruption age (347 ± 2 Ma) of the andesites. The andesites have a restricted range of SiO₂ (58.94–63.85 wt.%) contents, but relatively high Al₂O₃ (15.39–16.65 wt.%) and MgO (2.51–6.59 wt.%) contents, coupled with high Mg^# (57–69) values. Geochemically, they are comparable to Cenozoic sanukites in the Setouchi Volcanic Belt, SW Japan. Compared with the andesites, the granitic porphyries have relatively high SiO₂ (72.68–75.32 wt.%) contents, but lower Al₂O₃ (12.94–13.84 wt.%) and MgO (0.10–0.33 wt.%) contents, coupled with lower Mg^# (9–21) values. The andesites and granitic porphyries are enriched in both large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, but depleted in high field strength elements, similar to those of typical arc magmatic rocks. They also have similar Nd–Hf–Pb isotope compositions: ε_Nd(t) (+0.48 to +4.06 and −0.27 to +2.97) and zircons ε_Hf(t) (+3.4 to +8.0 and −1.7 to +8.2) values and high (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i (18.066–18.158 and 17.998–18.055). We suggest that the Taerbieke high-Mg andesitic magmas were generated by the interaction between mantle wedge peridotites and subducted oceanic sediment-derived melts with minor basaltic oceanic crust-derived melts, and that the magmas then fractionated to produce the more felsic members (i.e., the Taerbieke granitic porphyries) during late-stage evolution. Taking into account the Carboniferous magmatic record from the western Tianshan Orogenic Belt, we suggest that the formation of the Early Carboniferous andesites and granitic porphyries in the Taerbieke area were related to the Paleo-Junggar Oceanic plate southward subduction under the Yili–Central Tianshan plate. The close association of the Early Carboniferous magmatic rocks and Au mineralization in the Taerbieke area suggests that the arc magmatic rocks in the Tulasu basin may have a high potential for Au mineralization.     

古亚洲洋晚石炭世俯冲作用:梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩中扎嘎音高镁安山岩证据

内蒙古贺根山缝合带梅劳特乌拉SSZ(Supra Subduction Zone)型蛇绿岩中新发现扎嘎音晚石炭世高镁安山岩,岩性为玄武安山岩和安山岩。扎嘎音玄武安山岩—安山岩MgO(4.33%～9.82%)、Mg~#值(57～72)和SiO_2含量(55.34%～64.12%)较高;而TiO_2(0.30%～0.60%)、K_2O(0.06%～0.73%)、Al_2O_3(12.18%～17.32%)含量和FeO~T/MgO值(0.70～1.34)较低,Na_2O/K_2O值(2.23～40.88)较高。稀土元素总量较低(14.29×10~(-6)～60.20×10~(-6)),稀土配分曲线总体为略显右倾的平坦型,(La/Yb)_N为0.57～2.58,无明显Eu异常。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U和Sr等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P等,具有较低的Ti/V值。该玄武安山岩—安山岩具有高镁安山岩的地球化学特征,与日本西南Setouchi岛弧火山岩带的sanukite(有人音译为"赞岐岩")相类似,可能为俯冲洋壳+俯冲深积物的脱水流体与俯冲沉积物部分熔融形成的硅质熔体与上覆地幔楔橄榄岩平衡反应成因。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年表明,扎嘎音玄武安山岩的成岩年龄为315.0±2.3 Ma,反映了晚石炭世高镁安山岩浆作用事件。扎嘎音玄武安山岩—安山岩为晚石炭世形成于洋壳俯冲弧前环境的高镁安山岩组合,为古亚洲洋晚石炭世洋内俯冲作用提供了证据。结合贺根山缝合带的壳幔电性结构特征和晚古生代蛇绿岩—岛弧岩浆岩时空分布与演化关系,提出了扎嘎音高镁安山岩的古亚洲洋晚石炭世洋内俯冲模式。     

The Petrology and Geochemistry of Oto-Zan Composite Lava Flow on Shodo-Shima Island, SW Japan: Remelting of a Solidified High-Mg Andesite Magma

The Oto-Zan lava in the Setouchi volcanic belt is composed ofphenocryst-poor, sparsely plagioclase-phyric andesites (sanukitoids)and forms a composite lava flow. The phenocryst assemblagesand element abundances change but Sr–Nd–Pb isotopiccompositions are constant throughout the lava flow. The sanukitoidat the base is a high-Mg andesite (HMA) and contains Mg- andNi-rich olivine and Cr-rich chromite, suggesting the emplacementof a mantle-derived hydrous (7 wt % H₂O) HMA magma. However,Oto-Zan sanukitoids contain little H₂O and are phenocryst-poor.The liquid lines of descent obtained for an Oto-Zan HMA at 0·3GPa in the presence of 0·7–2·1 wt % H₂Osuggest that mixing of an HMA magma with a differentiated felsicmelt can reasonably explain the petrographical and chemicalcharacteristics of Oto-Zan sanukitoids. We propose a model wherebya hydrous HMA magma crystallizes extensively within the crust,resulting in the formation of an HMA pluton and causing liberationof H₂O from the magma system. The HMA pluton, in which interstitialrhyolitic melts still remain, is then heated from the base byintrusion of a high-T basalt magma, forming an H₂O-deficientHMA magma at the base of the pluton. During ascent, this secondaryHMA magma entrains the overlying interstitial rhyolitic melt,resulting in variable self-mixing and formation of a zoned magmareservoir, comprising more felsic magmas upwards. More effectiveupwelling of more mafic, and hence less viscous, magmas througha propagated vent finally results in the emplacement of thecomposite lava flow. KEY WORDS: high-Mg andesite; sanukitoid; composite lava; solidification; remelting     

The association boninite low‐ti andesite‐tholeiite in the heathcote greenstone belt,Victoria; ensimatic setting for the early lachlan fold belt

The Heathcote Greenstone Belt is composed mainly of Lower Cambrian metavolcanic rocks and is one of three outcropping belts of the apparent basement to the Lachlan Fold Belt in SE Australia. The greenstones may be assigned to two broad magma series. A younger tholeiitic series with mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) affinities has intruded through, and been erupted upon low‐Ti, intermediate SiO² lavas. The latter were originally boninites (both clinoenstatite‐phyric and more fractionated orthopyroxene‐phyric varieties) and plagioclase‐phyric, low‐Ti andesites. They have partially re‐equilibrated to the lower greenschist facies and outcrop mainly in the central segment of the Heathcote Greenstone Belt, where deeper stratigraphic levels are exposed. Tholeiitic lavas and sills metamorphosed to the prehnite‐pumpellyite facies dominate the northern and southern segments. As the association boninite/low‐Ti lavas/MORB is known only from modern West Pacific‐type settings involving island arcs and backarc basins, the early history of the Lachlan Fold Belt is inferred to have taken place in a similar setting.