Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.     

菲律宾保和岛达瑙镍矿地质特征及成因探讨

菲律宾保和岛达瑙镍矿床位于西比克尔-东莱特岛(Western Bicol-Eastern Leyte)蛇绿岩带附近,矿体分布在超基性岩体顶部的褐铁矿层、腐泥土层中,与地表红棕色土壤的分布范围基本一致.层中硅镁镍矿较为发育,主要含镍矿物为镍绿泥石、暗镍蛇纹石.化学分析结果显示成矿物质来源于超基性岩;对矿区超基性岩、气候、地理位置、岩石破碎程度等特征进一步分析研究,认为该矿床的成因类型为风化壳淋积矿床.地壳抬升超基性岩接受风化,释放出Ni2+.Ni2+随地表水下渗至褐铁矿层下部的腐泥土层(风化岩石)中被蛇纹石矿物捕获,富集成矿.类质同象中的Mg2+释放出来,由于本区地层渗透性好,Mg2+至基岩处富集.一般而言,红土层下面的风化岩石含Ni最富.     

The Acoje Block Platiniferous Dunite Horizon, Zambales Ophiolite Complex, Philippines: Melt Type and Associated Geochemical Controls

Abstract: The Zambales Ophiolite Complex, a supra-subduction zone ophiolite, is made up of the mid-ocean ridge-related Coto block and the island arc-related Acoje block. This crust-mantle sequence hosts platinum-group elements (PGE) in the Acoje block. The melts responsible for the PGE-bearing nickel sulfide and chromitite deposits are of magmatic origin characterized by high-MgO basalt to boninitic composition which, being second or third-stage melts, carry higher PGE budgets. Metal ratio diagrams, utilizing base and precious metals, reveal that the distribution and deposition of the PGE in the Acoje block are affected by olivine, chromite and sulfide crystallization. The generation, accumulation and segregation of the PGE, oxide and sulfide minerals from the melts are governed by the combined factors of high degrees of partial melting, multiple melt replenishment with concomitant magma mixing and fractional crystallization. Although previous sulfide segregation events could have occurred below the PGE-bearing nickel sulfide horizon as shown by the Ni/Cu (>1), the Cu/Pd and Ni/Pd strongly suggest that the main platiniferous zone is confined within the Acoje block transition zone dunite.     

Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of the Zigzag - Klondyke Sedimentary Rock Formations: Clues to the Evolution of the Baguio Mineral District (Luzon), Philippines

Abstract. Petrographic analysis of the Oligocene-Miocene Zigzag Formation and Miocene Klondyke Formation of the Baguio Mineral District reveals a transitional arc source for the former and an undissected arc source for the latter. Whole rock geochemistry of these sedimentary rock formations show affiliation of the Zigzag Formation to active continental margin whereas the Klondyke Formation appears to have been derived from an oceanic island arc source. A different aspect of the geology of the district is further gleaned from the whole rock rare earth element geochemistry of these rocks. Samples from the Zigzag Formation are characterized by higher REE concentrations compared to the Klondyke Formation samples. The REE data indicate that the sedimentary rocks of the Klondyke Formation had geochemically-less fractionated igneous lithologies as their progenitor whereas the older Zigzag Formation was derived from a more differentiated source. This new set of information contributes to the understanding of the evolution of this district from a marginal basin to an island arc setting.     

The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in Southeast Asia

Scuba diving tourism has the potential to be a sustainable source of income for developing countries. Around the world, tourists pay significant amounts of money to see coral reefs or iconic, large animals such as sharks and manta rays. Scuba diving tourism is broadening and becoming increasingly popular, a novel type of scuba diving which little is known about, is muck diving. Muck diving focuses on finding rare, cryptic species that are seldom seen on coral reefs. This study investigates the value of muck diving, its participant and employee demographics and potential threats to the industry. Results indicate that muck dive tourism is worth more than USD$ 150 million annually in Indonesia and the Philippines combined. It employs over 2200 people and attracts more than 100,000 divers per year. Divers participating in muck dive tourism are experienced, well-educated, have high incomes, and are willing to pay for the protection of species crucial to the industry. Overcrowding of dive sites, pollution and conflicts with fishermen are reported as potential threats to the industry, but limited knowledge on these impacts warrants further research. This study shows that muck dive tourism is a sustainable form of nature based tourism in developing countries, particularly in areas where little or no potential for traditional coral reef scuba diving exists.     

The Gendering of Philippine International Labor Migration*

This paper provides an institutional analysis of the use of gender as an organizing principle for labor migration flows. Through a case study of the marketing and recruitment strategies of Philippine government and private institutions, I examine how gendered representations contribute to divergent patterns of male and female labor migrants from the Philippines. Representations, or controlling images, are used by institutions to provide explanations or justification of a policy. Findings indicate that the global marketing of workers is organized around specific gendered assumptions of male versus female occupations. Recruitment strategies are also influenced by gendered representations of occupations, locations, and workers. The use of gender by government and private institutions as an organizing device provides a gendered context in which migrants and their households must subsequently operate.     

Geological setting of the Rapu Rapu gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits,Albay Province,Philippines

Gold-rich Fe–Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits occur within strata of probable Jurassic age on Rapu Rapu Island in Albay Province, Philippines. Massive sulfides at the Ungay Malobago and Hixbar deposits are spatially associated with dacitic volcanic rocks within a highly-deformed sequence of mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks. The massive sulfide deposits formed at the stratigraphic contact between footwall dacites and hangingwall mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic rocks. The deposits and their host strata have undergone regional metamorphism with strong penetrative deformation. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and textural evidence suggest that peak metamorphism was upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite grade and syn-D₁ deformation. Based on the age of regional metamorphism, deformation is inferred to be mid-Tertiary in age. Deformation at Rapu Rapu resulted in reorientation of the strata into a broad antiform with strong shallow-plunging elongation fabrics, overturning of the volcanic sequence that hosts the Ungay Malobago deposit, and complex folding of the mineralized zones. The present highly linear form of the Ungay Malobago deposit is mainly a product of this ductile strain.Immobile element ratios for a given lithology generally remain constant in saprolitic samples, and thus provide an effective identification tool even in strongly weathered rocks. Lithogeochemical data define a bimodal volcanic suite that is comparable to bimodal assemblages that occur in several modern back-arc basins in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, including those behind the Vanuatu and the New Britain arcs. On Rapu Rapu, the dacitic rocks are enriched in light REE and have high Zr/Y ratios, which indicates a calc–alkaline affinity and suggests a mature island-arc setting. The quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks are more widespread than the dacites and have notably lower Zr/Y ratios; they may have been derived from erosion of a distant volcanic arc. The mafic volcanic rocks are dominantly low-K arc tholeiites of basaltic to andesitic composition, but with modest enrichment in the light REE; comparable rocks can be found in the Vanuatu and New Britain back-arc basins.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0349-0An erratum to this article can be found at Editorial handling: O. Christensen     

Global geographical databases for modelling trace gas fluxes

Abstract

The design and development of global digital databases and their integrated use in studies of terrestrial sources and sinks of trace gases are discussed. Generic design characteristics that expand the utility of these databases are outlined including: hierarchical classification systems that provide for encoding and accessing data at several levels of detail, and fine spatial and thematic resolution which accommodate adaptations to a broad base of applications. The discussion follows the sequence of (1) developing primary databases on major surface characteristics, (2) selectively integrating combinations of data bases to produce secondary data sets of source categories, and (3) combining information on source categories with fluxes to produce tertiary data sets of emissions. These procedures are demonstrated with the example of estimating and evaluating alternative global methane emissions from natural wetlands.     

Economic globalization and regional disparities in the Philippines

This paper empirically tracks the Philippine (policy) path following the mantra of economic globalization over the past 25 years. Specifically, it investigates the resulting regional growth‐inequality relationships and development footprints accompanying the restructuring of political economy and livelihoods. The Philippine case thereby shows how globalization can simultaneously cause the selective dismantling of (economic) barriers and enhancement of mobility and growth, as well as a deterioration of socioeconomic inequalities in space and society. In an increasingly deregulated and contested environment these development divides do not just pose serious threats to regional balance and national cohesion but, ultimately, undermine state capacity to achieve avowed goals of inclusive growth, stability and equality for citizens.     

Occurrences of Ore Minerals and Fluid Inclusion Study on the Kingking Porphyry Copper–Gold Deposit, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines

The Kingking deposit is a gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit and the southernmost deposit at the eastern Mindanao mineralized belt, Philippines. It is underlain by Cretaceous–Paleogene sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are intruded by mineralized Miocene diorite porphyries and by barren Miocene–Pliocene dacite and diorite porphyries. The main alteration zones in the deposit are the inner potassic zone and the outer propylitic zone. The biotite‐bearing diorite and hornblende diorite porphyries are the primary host rocks of mineralization. Two dominant copper minerals, bornite and chalcopyrite, which usually occur as fracture fillings, are associated with fine crystalline quartz veinlet stockworks in the mineralized diorites. Minor secondary covellite, chalcocite and digenite are also observed. The primary Cu‐Fe sulfide phases initially deposited from ore fluids consisted of bornite solid solution (bnss) and intermediate solid solution (iss), which decomposed to form the bornite and chalcopyrite. Peculiar bornite pods that are different from dissemination and are associated with volcanic rock xenoliths in biotite‐bearing diorite porphyry are noted in a drill hole. These pods of bornite are not associated with quartz veinlet stockworks. Fluid inclusion analyses show three types of inclusions contained in Kingking samples: two‐phase fluid‐rich and vapor‐rich inclusions and polyphase hypersaline inclusions from porphyry‐type quartz veinlet stockworks. The liquid–vapor homogenization temperatures (T_H) and the dissolution temperature of halite daughter crystals (T_M) from the polyphase hypersaline inclusions predominantly range from 400°C up to >500°C. The wide range of T_H and T_M may be due to heterogeneous trapping of variable ratios of vapor and brine. For some inclusions, T_H > T_M and in some cases, T_H < T_M, indicating that some of the brine was supersaturated or saturated with NaCl at the time of entrapment. Calculated salinity of the polyphase hypersaline inclusions ranges from 40 to 60% NaCl equivalent. Temperature and vapor pressure of mineralized fluid were estimated to be 400°C and 16 MPa.