Passive revolution: A church‐military partnership in the Philippines

In the Philippines, a Catholic social movement for local development and broad structural transformation, referred to as Basic Ecclesial Communities, offers a counter‐narrative to state development. Predicated on the power of networked local groups, the Diocese of San Carlos has taken the original concept and rescaled it, operating a variety of social‐action programmes at the diocese level. The focus of this paper is a unique partnership between the diocese and the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which has produced a number of measurable positive changes in under‐serviced areas. We remain uncertain, however, about the extent to which the church is cooperating with, or being co‐opted by, the military as it enters into partnership, and many members of the clergy share our scepticism. In this paper we draw upon Gramsci's concept of passive revolution (1971) as a means to conceptualize both the efforts of the church to reform society from within, and the reaffirmation of the hegemonic discourse that seems inevitable.     

菲律宾Zambales蛇绿岩套的再研究：对其特提斯来源的启示

A number of geological studies have already been conducted on the Zambales Ophiolite Complex (ZOC), a north-south trending complete ophiolite sequence exposed in the western portion of Central Luzon, Philippines. Previous works recognized the ZOC as being made up of two blocks, the Acoje and the Coto, acting as an arc-back arc pair sometime during the Eocene.     

Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.     

菲律宾迪纳加特汇洋镍铬矿区残坡积红土型铬铁矿洗选工艺的确定

菲律宾迪纳加特岛汇洋镍铬矿区的红土残坡积型铬铁矿规模为大中型,原矿中铬矿品位w（Cr2 O3）＞2.5％,铬矿石的含泥量很高,红土团块在水中较难碎散.调查后认为,对残坡积红土型铬铁矿的洗选可以利用当地的水源、地貌、木材、劳力等有利条件,制定洗选工艺流程：洗选作业利用自然坡度修建运矿沟,敷设木质洗矿溜槽,用水流冲洗脱泥;粗精矿进入双螺旋槽式洗矿机继续脱泥,粗粒级矿粒从上部排出机体,进入溜槽冲洗后获得粗粒级精矿;细粒级粗精矿从底部排矿口排出,经螺旋溜槽抛去尾矿,进入摇床进行选别,获得细粒级精矿.     

初夏东亚环流对厄尔尼诺的两种响应过程及其对中国降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR提供的月平均850、500 hPa位势高度场和风矢量场资料及NOAA气候诊断中心的海温扩展重建资料,同时利用NCEP的CAM3.0模式对厄尔尼诺气候效应进行了分析。外强迫为赤道东太平洋的异常海温,从9月积分至次年6月,对此进行了模拟,结果表明:(1)冬季厄尔尼诺达到强盛后对次年东亚初夏的环流有明显的影响,表现在低层菲律宾附近反气旋环流的增强和中高纬度OKJ类波列(主要为鄂霍次克海—日本东部—日期变更线以西副热带高压北部的波列)的活跃,而后者更容易被模拟,这两种环流方面的影响都能在资料中检测出来。当这两种异常环流的发展被模拟出来时,长江以南地区的多雨状态也能够被模拟,表明厄尔尼诺发生后,其对夏季风的发生、发展有滞后作用,从而加强向中国南方的水汽输送,但至6月由于OKJ波列的发展使波活动通量在北太平洋中西部产生大面积强烈散射使副热带高压偏南,因而又抑制了夏季风的进一步向北推进,从而只停留在长江及其以南地区,这可能是致使降水南多北少的原因之一;(2)中国南方降水多寡受到鄂霍次克海高压及菲律宾反气旋的共同影响,两者任何一方加强时南方降水增多,反之亦然。近年来受鄂霍次克海高压的影响更为突出,鄂霍次克海高压、南北方降水、厄尔尼诺事件以及菲律宾反气旋都存在相近似但又各自不同的年代际变化规律,其共同影响与中国南涝北旱的年代际降水格局变化有密切关系。     

Early Cretaceous high-Mg adakites associated with Cu-Au mineralization in the Cebu Island,Central Philippines: Implication for partial melting of the paleo-Pacific Plate

Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks, diorite intrusions and an associated large porphyry deposit occur in the Cebu Island, Central Philippines. In this paper, we studied the diorite porphyries associated with Cu-Au mineralization in the Kansi region, where Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks are widely distributed. Zircon U-Pb age reveals that the diorites were formed at ca. 110 Ma, close to the formation age of Lutopan diorites in the famous Atlas porphyry Cu-Au deposit (109–101 Ma), and younger than those of the arc volcanics in this region (126–118 Ma). The Kansi diorites and Lutopan diorites are both calc-alkaline high-Mg adakites with high Sr/Y ratios. Their major elements define similar variation trends in Harker diagrams, suggesting that they were probably generated from a uniform source but experienced different degree of partial melting or fractional crystallization. The Kansi diorites are characterized by LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, no Eu negative anomaly, with enrichment of Pb, Sr, Zr and Hf and depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti. They are probably generated by the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust, followed by a certain degree of mantle interaction and crustal contamination. The highly depleted Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the Kansi diorites are close to the Amami Plateau basalt and tonalite, indicating the dominance of a Pacific-type MORB in the source. The Cu-Au mineralization-related Kansi diorites are characterized by high oxygen fugacities more than ΔFMQ +2, indicating quite a good potential for porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the region. Finally, in our tectonic model, the successive generation of arc volcanic rocks and adakites in the Cebu Island are responses to the subduction and rollback of the paleo-Pacific Plate to the proto-Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) in the Early Cretaceous.     

Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.     

Geology, Geochemistry and Chromite Mineralization Potential of the Amnay Ophiolitic Complex, Mindoro, Philippines

The Amnay Ophiolitic Complex in Mindoro, the Philippines, is considered an emplaced Cenozoic South China Sea oceanic lithosphere as a result of the collision between the Palawan microcontinental block and the Philippine mobile belt. Middle Oligocene sedimentary rocks intercalated with dominantly MORB-like pillow lavas and volcanic flows suggest the generation of this ophiolite complex in an intermediate spreading ridge within a back-arc basin setting. The volcanic rock suite geochemistry also manifests a slab component suggesting that it is a supra-subduction zone ophiolite. Petrography of the gabbros shows a plagioclase-clinopyroxene crystallization order consistent with a back-arc basin setting. Spinel and pyroxene geochemistry shows that the lherzolites and aluminous-spinel harzburgites are products of low degrees of partial melting. The chromitites hosted by the harzburgites could have not been associated with the MORB-like volcanic suites, gabbros, lherzolites and aluminous-spinel harzburgites. The chromitites are products of mantle sources that have undergone higher degrees of partial melting that would have involved the presence of water. The study of this ophiolitic complex gives us a glimpse of the characteristics of the South China Sea.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Intrusive Rocks, Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines: Implication to Metallogenesis of Porphyry Copper-gold Deposits

This paper describes petrologic and geochemical characteristics of intrusive rocks associated with porphyry copper deposits in south-eastern Mindanao, the Philippines, where the Kingking deposit is located. Intrusive rocks at the Kingking deposit, are classified into biotite-bearing diorite porphyry, hornblende diorite porphyry and diorite porphyry. Intrusive rocks in other areas in south-eastern Mindanao, including Batoto, Bukal, Maragusan, Masara, Amacan and Sumlog, are hornblende diorite porphyry and hornblende quartz diorite. They are adakitic in Sr/Y-Y diagram, but not in La/Yb-Yb diagram due to relatively low REE contents. The magmas are oxidizing as suggested by the high X_Mg of mafic silicate phenocrysts and SO₃ contents of microphenocrystic apatite. An Oligocene-Miocene diorite intrusive complex formed by calc-alkaline, hydrous, oxidizing magma is considered to be associated with porphyry-type copper-gold mineralization.     

Assessment of mercury contamination and human exposure associated with coastal disposal of waste from a cinnabar mining operation, Palawan, Philippines

 An integrated geochemical and toxicological assessment of environmental mercury contamination and attendant human exposure in Honda Bay, Palawan was undertaken in 1995 following a nationally reported pollution scare centered on a coastal jetty, Sitio Honda Bay, constructed using approximately 1 million tons of tailings and beneficiation waste from a cinnabar mine. Mercury (Hg) data for marine and fluvial sediments, fish tissues and human hair indicate that the toxicological hazard is considerably lower than initially reported by state environment and health officials. Typical Hg concentrations in surficial Honda Bay sediments were found to lie within the global background range (<60 μg/kg). Downcore profiles provide no evidence of enhanced Hg fluxes coincident with the onset of mining and/or coastal tailings disposal. The mean and median Hg concentrations recorded in tissues of six species of Honda Bay fish are compliant with thresholds established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) for marketable stocks. Earlier reports of 'Minamata range' Hg concentrations in fish and shellfish from Honda Bay remain unsubstantiated. Geochemical analyses of samples of the Sitio Honda Bay substrate have confirmed the prevalence of solid-phase Hg concentrations to ca. 340 mg/kg. The speciation of Hg is, however, dominated by secondary oxides of low bioavailability. The mean Hg concentration in hair from Sitio Honda Bay residents (4.41 mg/kg) was found to be statistically analogous to that for a neighbouring coastal community unimpacted by the coastal disposal of mine waste. A negligible residential exposure factor is thus inferred for the former. Relatively high hair Hg burdens prevail throughout the coastal Honda Bay population, consistent with significant methyl Hg ingestion through daily fish consumption. The data presented provide no environmental or toxicological justification for immediate remedial action. Received: 14 May 1998/Accepted: 1 September 1998