Controls on mineral deposit occurrence inferred from analysis of their spatial pattern and spatial association with geological features

In this paper, point pattern analysis, fractal analysis and Fry analysis were employed to study the spatial pattern of known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought, whereas distance distribution method was applied to study the spatial associations between various geological features and known occurrences of mineral deposits of the type sought. In the Aroroy district (Philippines), the results of the applications of these spatial analytical techniques support a conceptual model of district-scale mechanism of geologic controls on low-sulphidation epithermal Au mineralization, which involves a more-or-less regular mesh of interlinked zones of extension faults/fractures at and/or around intersections of NNW- and NW-trending strike-slip faults/fractures. Integration of spatial evidential data layers representing these structural controls and surficial geochemical anomalies, via knowledge-guided application of data-driven evidential belief functions, results in delineation of prospective areas occupying about 25% of the district, in which there is about 70% likelihood of undiscovered occurrences of low-sulphidation epithermal Au deposits.     

The ethnographic spectacle of the ‘other’ Filipinos in early cinema

My paper aims to ask what space characterizes the various constructs of orientalism and othering in the early short films of Thomas Edison. Using Lefebvre’s concept that social space “subsumes things produced, and encompasses their interrelationships in their coexistence and simultaneity” in these early shorts, I will look at three Biograph actualities found at the Library of Congress-American Memory page to show how space is manifested and negotiated onscreen. I will examine Edison’s “Filipinos Retreat From Trenches”, “Capture of Trenches at Candaba” and “U.S. Troops and Red Cross in the Trenches Before Caloocan” which were all released in 1899. These reenacted short films were shot during the tumultuous years of the Spanish-American War. In the Biograph shorts, the privileged positions of both Spanish and American forces in relation to the annexation of a foreign land in world history books is indicative of the tendency to de-emphasize the contribution of the native population in the war. Manthia Diawara has said that “space is related to power and powerlessness, insofar as those who occupy the center of the screen are usually more powerful than those in the background or completely absent from the screen.” The spatial hierarchies and spatially situated images in Edison’s short films show how historically configured power relations encrypted oppression to its external “others” through the cinematic apparatus.

菲律宾及其邻近地区的地磁场模型研究

根据2001～2007年期间在菲律宾境内测量的74个点的地磁场数据,利用球冠谐和、泰勒多项式两种方法建立了2005.0菲律宾及周边地区地磁基本场模型,得到了菲律宾地区X、y、Z、D、I、H、F七个分量的分布.两种模型反映的同一地区的地磁场分布形态基本类似,只在拐点的舒缓度、等值线平滑度等方面存在区别.在8°N左右,X、...     

Increased plastic litter cover affects the foraging activity of the sandy intertidal gastropod Nassarius pullus

This study analyzed the foraging behavior of the gastropod Nassarius pullus on garbage-impacted sandy shores of Talim Bay, Batangas, Philippines. The effect of different levels of plastic garbage cover on foraging efficiency was investigated. Controlled in situ baiting experiments were conducted to quantify aspects of foraging behavior as affected by the levels of plastic litter cover in the foraging area. The results of the study indicated that the gastropod’s efficiency in locating and in moving towards a food item generally decreased as the level of plastic cover increased. Prolonged food searching time and increased self-burial in sand were highly correlated with increased plastic cover. The accuracy of orientation towards the actual position of the bait decreased significantly when the amount of plastic cover increased to 50%. These results are consistent with the significant decreases in the abundance of the gastropod observed during periods of deposition of large amounts of plastic and other debris on the shore.     

Tectonic uplift,sea level changes and Plio‐Pleistocene evolution of a coastal karst system: the Mount Saint Paul (Palawan,Philippines)

The St. Paul karst (Palawan, Philippines) is a tropical coastal karst, consisting of towers, cones, huge depressions and large caves. This area hosts the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River (PPSR, 24 km long), whose main entrance is a large spring along the coast and which is one of the largest cave complexes in eastern Asia. A geomorphological study performed by several field surveys and a morphometric analysis of the digital terrain model (DTM) and 3D cave models, allowed formulation of a first evolutionary framework of the karst system. The DTM was extracted from maps and aerial photographs in order to find different generations of ‘relict’ landforms, through the morphometric analysis of topographic surface and karst landforms. Several features suggest a long and multi‐stage evolution of the karst, whose age ranges from Pliocene to present. The southern and northern sectors of the area differ in their altimetric distribution of caves. In the southern sector, some large caves lie between 300 and 400 m asl and were part of an ancient system that developed at the base level of a past river network. In the northern sector, some mainly vadose caves occur, with a phreatic level at 120–130 m asl. An important phase of base‐level cave development is well documented in the inactive passages of PPSR at 50–80 m asl. Morphological features, such as horizontal solution passages and terraced deposits, suggest a phase of stillstand of the base level, which is recorded in the topography as low‐relief surfaces at 40–50 m asl. The age of this phase is probably Early Pleistocene, on the basis of assumed uplift rates. The more recent caves are still active, being located at the current sea level, but they show more than one cycle of flooding and dewatering (with calcite deposition). In the PPSR, several morphologic features, such as two main water level notches at +12·4 and +7·7 m asl and terraced alluvial deposits, suggest that the lower and active level passed through more than two high‐stands of sea level and so it could have formed throughout most of the Middle‐Late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Undoing violence, unbounding precarity: Beyond the frames of terror in the Philippines

Geographers’ interest in the productive intersections between fear and issues of (counter)terrorism has flourished in recent years. These studies have been important in their critical analyses of geopolitical relations by exposing how fear has been driving unjust policies and violent initiatives. However, I suggest that these lines of inquiries often neglect the localized playing out of fears, particularly how such sentiments can potentially stimulate actions and affect the practices and progress of politics at different geographical scales.This paper addresses the aforementioned lacuna by scrutinizing how fear is bounded up with the geographical extension of the US-led ‘war on terror’ to the Philippines in the post 9/11 era. I argue that the framings of terrorism in the country have allowed the government to manipulate fear to justify destructive strategies for the eradication of imminent ‘threats’. However such initiatives are not only counterproductive to rooting out the sources of terror but also aid in the (re)production of violence. Not assuming the inevitability of such elegaic outcomes, I showcase the efforts of the Philippines communist ‘rebel’ group, Rebulusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Mindanao (RPM-M), in repudiating official terrorism discourse by emphasising instead issues of state-induced vulnerability and marginalization. This in turn allows fear to be transformed into other modalities of emotions that are central to the formation of coalitional resistances to the arbitrary effects of state violence and its vicissitudes.By illuminating the constitution of (non)violence through emotions, there is an inherent wish to disrupt the natural conjoining of fear, terror and violence dominating contemporary geopolitical imaginations. Crucially, the implications of emotions for the thinking and doing of nonviolence augments a concrete pathway for operationalising a radical praxis of peace and justice that explicitly eschews a resort to force.     

Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid Geochemistry of the Tongonan Geothermal Field, Philippines

Abstract: The alteration mineralogy, the present-day fluid chemistry, and some fluid inclusion data are used to make inferences on the chemical changes that have occurred in the fluids during the history of the Tongonan Geothermal Field. Thermal activity in the Tongonan area began in the Miocene when emplacement of many plutons forming a batholith contact metamorphosed the overlying volcanics to hornblende hornfels assemblages. In the early Pliocene, when tectonic uplift occurred along the Philippine Fault, about 2 mole % of mainly carbon dioxide and sulfur gas was released to a geothermal fluid and condensed in groundwater with geothermal steam. The condensate intensely altered the reservoir rock and formed an acid mineral assemblage, which was overprinted by a later, lower temperature, neutral-pH assemblage. Some chlorite, epidote and illite in the reservoir rock formed at temperatures up to 100°C lower than present-day temperatures possibly during the Plio-Pleistocene uplift period, i.e., the system was heating up. The assemblage garnet-anhydrite formed in fractures from a condensate after the gas had nearly completely separated from the deep, CO₂-rich fluid during vigorous boiling possibly during hydrothermal eruptions. The output of gas to the geothermal fluid decreased, while the salinity (10,000 mg/kg or - 2 wt% NaCl) and the temperature of the geothermal fluid remained nearly constant throughout the Quaternary. When this neutral-pH, alkali chloride fluid boiled, it initially precipitated albite or epidote on the rims then anhydrite at the center of fractures at high temperatures (-250–300°C). At lower temperatures (-150–250°C), adularia or wairakite and later calcite were deposited as the proportion of gas in the steam condensate increased. The origin of solutes is also discussed.     

Primary Sector Value Chains,Poverty Reduction,And Rural Development Challenges In The Philippines

The insertion of Philippine agriculture and fisheries into global value chains has not contributed significantly to rural poverty reduction, in contrast to several other Southeast Asian countries. While there are pockets of downstream export successes, upstream actors face persistent precarious conditions. This comparative investigation of the relationships between value chains and rural development fills a gap in the literature on the Philippines. An analysis of four important products affecting at least 3 million households illustrates the need to focus more on upstream value‐chain governance and pro‐poor rural development interventions. This article shows that the integration of livelihoods and value‐chain analyses has the advantage of fleshing out upstream challenges that are relevant for agri/aquabusiness performance, socio‐spatial policies, and refinements of rural development theories. It is unlikely that horizontal coordination/social capital as well as associated upgrading efforts will be effective without a stronger emphasis on vertical coordination and human‐capital formation.     

Viable insertion in agribusiness value chains? Seaweed farming after Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in Iloilo Province,the Philippines

This article provides one of the first academic assessments of upstream agribusiness value chain and rural livelihood challenges after the November 2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), which devastated many coastal communities in the central Philippines. Based on a survey and semistructured interviews among fisherfolk, seaweed farmers and other stakeholders in Iloilo Province, this article lays bare the limited viability of the seaweed value chain as a result of the recurring typhoon threat, other environmental pressures and an ineffective regional political economy. Since Typhoon Yolanda, the marginalized communities have depended on horizontal coordination and support from international civil society. The empirical results show that enhanced information dissemination and public sector cooperation are necessary for the seaweed value chain to become more inclusive. The results could also have a wider significance for rural development in other coastal areas in Southeast Asia, namely in the spheres of adaptive strategies amidst vulnerability, upstream vertical coordination and upgrading.     

菲律宾中部Cebu地区早白垩世高锶低钇中酸性岩 与铜金成矿

菲律宾群岛四周被现今仍活动的俯冲带所环绕,该区绝大多数的岩浆活动都与俯冲事件有关。白垩纪以来,该区岩浆活动十分活跃,在新生代达到顶峰,形成了一系列岩浆岩带。高锶低钇中酸性岩（Aidakite,埃达克岩）在菲律宾群岛有着广泛的分布（Jego et al., 2005）,主要集中在Luzon岛弧、Negros、Camiguin和Mindanao等地,主要产于新生代,这些新生代高锶低钇中酸性岩和相关的岩石也得到了广泛的研究。除了这些广泛分布的新生代高锶低钇中酸性岩以外,菲律宾地区还发育中生代高锶低钇中酸性岩,仅出现在菲律宾中部的Cebu岛,此外该区还发育一套早白垩世岛弧火山岩组合。火山岩组合锆石U-Pb年龄主要分布在126~118 Ma（Deng et al., 2015）;高锶低钇中酸性岩则主要为闪长岩,是该区Atlas大型斑岩铜矿的含矿岩体,前人研究显示其形成时代集中在109~108 Ma（Walther et al., 1981）,同样形成于早白垩世。然而对于其相应的地球化学研究还相当匮乏,关于其成因以及在早白垩世形成时所处的构造环境,都需要进一步的研究来加以限制。