准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系油气成藏地球化学分析

依据生物标志物的分布和组成特征,准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系三工河组的原油可以分为两类,庄1井和沙1井原油属于第一类,源于下二叠统风城组;南部征沙村地区征1井原油为第二类,源于中二叠统下乌尔禾组,也有侏罗系的贡献。根据流体包裹体均一化温度分布,结合生排烃史与构造配置关系研究,认为征1井三工河组油藏主要成藏期是古近纪以来,油气来自于昌吉凹陷的下乌尔禾组和侏罗系烃源岩;而庄1井和沙1井三工河组油藏具有多源多期油气注入,早白垩世末至古近纪,油气来自于北部盆1井西凹陷风城组,古近纪构造调整以来,混入了来源于昌吉凹陷的油气。各口井原油含氮化合物的分布特征,证实了研究区侏罗系原油近期是从征1井向北运移的。     

地下水中91种农药多残留气相色谱-质谱分析方法研究及应用

地下水中多种农药快速检测是全面表征地下水水质、确保地下水安全的重要技术支撑。本文结合现有检测标准和文献中农药需分类分别前处理和测试的问题,采用气相色谱-质谱仪,通过对水样前处理方法和气相色谱-质谱分析条件进行选择和优化,建立了地下水中91种农药气相色谱-质谱同时测定的快速分析方法。经优化,目标物采用脉冲不分流进样,Zebron Multiresidue-2色谱柱分离,分段选择离子扫描,内标法定量,多数农药在1.0~1000μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数在0.9901~0.9997之间。水样经二氯甲烷液液萃取浓缩后上机测试,各农药方法检出限为3.1~12.5ng/L,平均加标回收率在54.3%~129%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.2%~20%。本方法快速、简单,准确度高,不仅显著提高了地下水中多种类农药残留分析效率,降低了分析成本;而且方法更适合大批量地下水样品的快速筛查,从而保证了样品分析的时效性。该方法已成功应用于全国地下水污染调查专项。     

东海的地质与油气勘探

东海的地质研究和油气勘探已经历了三个阶段:1.利用综合地球物理方法（重力、磁力、地震反射）,阐明东海的大地构造分区及其演化;2.反射地震研究得出东海陆架盆地的新生代构造图;3.在此基础上,详细地震勘探与地震地层学研究,确定出一系列钻探井位。钻探发现油气显示和工业油气流。其中,新钻井灵峰一井展示出寻找油气资源的新课题。     

Similarities and differences in hydrous pyrolysis of biomass and source rocks

In laboratory simulation of oil generation, products from closed systems pyrolysis of immature source rocks in the presence of water gives the closest match to petroleum compositions observed in nature. Fresh biomass can also be converted to fluids by pyrolysis, but in the absence of the sedimentary diagenetic transformations, the initially much higher oxygen content gives high yields of oxygen containing products. In this work, the reactions that occur during hydrous pyrolysis of a Kimmeridge source rock, a brown coal and two polymeric waste materials from alginate production are compared in terms of quantities of the main products and kinetic models of the reaction systems. The biomass pyrolysis and the simulated maturation are described in similar reaction networks. Conversion of biomass to fluids occurred with reaction networks and activation energy distributions comparable to the brown coal, while for the Kimmeridge source rock reactions a simpler reaction network could be used. The biomass samples gave a high degree of conversion to fluid products, and higher yields of bitumen than the coal.     

压力对有机质成熟和油气生成的影响

沉积盆地中流体压力在地质历史中是变化的,所以很难确定压力对油气生成,有机质成熟作用的影响,高压模拟实验是研究压力效应的常用方法,但不同研究者采用不同的实验方法所得出的结论也各有不同,一些地质实测的研究则表明,压力增加可能会抑制或延迟油气的生成和有机质成熟。介绍了有关压力效应的不同观点,并提出压力效应研究中应进一步开展的内容及其意义。     

Numerical simulation of the thermal maturation, oil generation and migration in the Songliao Basin, Northeastern China

The discovery of the giant Daqing oil field in the Songliao Basin led to the realisation of the significant petroleum potential of non-marine basins. In order to reconstruct the basin evolution and oil formation, an integrated organic geochemical-basin modelling study along a regional transect across the Songliao Basin was conducted. It provided a regional heat flow evolution model, and revealed post-orogenic or late syn-orogenic maturation in the Central Depression and pre-orogenic maturation in the Southeast Uplift Zone. Kinetic parameters of petroleum generation for the lacustrine source formations are the basis for the simulation of oil generation and migration in the Songliao Basin. Using the principle activation energy peaking at 54 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of about 4.2·10²⁷ Ma⁻¹, the simulation obtained a relatively good match with the measured transformation ratios. The Qingshankou Formation in the West and East Central Depressions constituted the major source in the basin. Major oil generation, migration and accumulation occurred during the Early Tertiary. In the West Central Depression, the generated oils migrated upwards into the Yaojia Formation followed by the updip migration into the Daqing Anticline and towards the local structural high along the West Slope. In contrast, the oil migration in the East Central Depression was dominated by the downward movement from the lower member of the Qingshankou Formation followed by the updip migration towards the Caoyang Anticline. The simulated oil accumulations are in good agreement with discovered oil fields, implying a potential application of the model for prediction and evaluation of new exploration targets in the basin.     

Evaluation of the petroleum composition and quality with increasing thermal maturity as simulated by hydrous pyrolysis: A case study using a Brazilian source rock with Type I kerogen

Hydrous pyrolysis (HP) experiments were used to investigate the petroleum composition and quality of petroleum generated from a Brazilian lacustrine source rock containing Type I kerogen with increasing thermal maturity. The tested sample was of Aptian age from the Araripe Basin (NE-Brazil). The temperatures (280–360 °C) and times (12–132 h) employed in the experiments simulated petroleum generation and expulsion (i.e., oil window) prior to secondary gas generation from the cracking of oil. Results show that similar to other oil prone source rocks, kerogen initially decomposes in part to a polar rich bitumen, which decomposes in part to hydrocarbon rich oil. These two overall reactions overlap with one another and have been recognized in oil shale retorting and natural petroleum generation. During bitumen decomposition to oil, some of the bitumen is converted to pyrobitumen, which results in an increase in the apparent kerogen (i.e., insoluble carbon) content with increasing maturation.The petroleum composition and its quality (i.e., API gravity, gas/oil ratio, C₁₅₊ fractions, alkane distribution, and sulfur content) are affected by thermal maturation within the oil window. API gravity, C₁₅₊ fractions and gas/oil ratios generated by HP are similar to those of natural petroleum considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. API gravity of the HP expelled oils shows a complex relationship with increasing thermal maturation that is most influenced by the expulsion of asphaltenes. C₁₅₊ fractions (i.e., saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) show that expelled oils and bitumen are compositionally separate organic phases with no overlap in composition. Gas/oil ratios (GOR) initially decrease from 508–131 m³/m³ during bitumen generation and remain essentially constant (81–84 m³/m³) to the end of oil generation. This constancy in GOR is different from the continuous increase through the oil window observed in anhydrous pyrolysis experiments. Alkane distributions of the HP expelled oils are similar to those of natural crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous age. Isoprenoid and n-alkane ratios (i.e., pristane/n-C₁₇ and phytane/n-C₁₈) decrease with increasing thermal maturity as observed in natural crude oils. Pristane/phytane ratios remain constant with increasing thermal maturity through the oil window, with ratios being slightly higher in the expelled oils relative to those in the bitumen. Generated hydrocarbon gases are similar to natural gases associated with crude oils considered to be sourced from similar Brazilian lacustrine source rocks with Type I kerogen of Lower Cretaceous, with the exception of elevated ethane contents. The general overall agreement in composition of natural and hydrous pyrolysis petroleum of lacustrine source rocks observed in this study supports the utility of HP to better characterize petroleum systems and the effects of maturation and expulsion on petroleum composition and quality.     

Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,Gulf of Mexico

We examined the geographic extent of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood during/after the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (April 20–July 15, 2010; 28.736667°N, −88.386944°W). TPH, PAHs, and 12 compound classes were examined, particularly C1-benzo(a)anthracenes/chrysenes, C-2-/C-4-phenanthrenes/anthracenes, and C3-naphthalenes. Sediment TPH, PAHs, and all classes peaked near Pensacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas. Seawater TPH peaked off Pensacola; all of the above classes peaked off the Mississippi River, Louisiana and Galveston. Biota TPH and PAHs peaked near the Mississippi River; C-3 napthalenes peaked near the spill site. Seafood TPH peaked near the spill site, with PAHs and all classes peaking near Pensacola. We recommend that oil concentrations continued to be monitored in these media well after the spill has ceased to assist in defining re-opening dates for fisheries; closures should be maintained until hydrocarbon levels are deemed within appropriate limits.     

Climate policy and dynamic efficiency gains A case study on Norwegian CO2-taxes and technological innovation in the petroleum sector

Abstract

Against increasing scientific evidence of human-induced global warming, and prevailing uncertainties regarding the fate of the Kyoto Protocol, the use of environmental taxes has been gaining increasing popularity in the OECD region. Economists often conjecture that such instruments provide a continuous incentive for technological innovation, which is likely to be a key determinant for success or failure in climate policy, at least in the long turn. However, there is little empirical evidence available to justify claims of that kind. The objective of this paper is to provide such evidence, by assessing the impacts of Norwegian CO₂-taxes, the key instrument in Norway's climate policy, on technological innovation in upstream petroleum operations. The balance of evidence suggests that the introduction of CO₂-taxes has provided some incentive for innovation that has shifted petroleum operations in a less emission-intensive direction. That said, the pattern of technological change pertains mostly to incremental process innovations, cumulative improvements, and adaptations of technologies already available. These insights may assist policymakers when formulating policy strategies and selecting instruments for climate change mitigation.     

Analytic properties of Hansen coefficients

Hansen’s coefficients in the theory of elliptic motion with eccentricity e are studied as functions of the parameter η = (1 − e ²)^1/2. Their analytic behavior in the complex η plane is described and some symmetry relations are derived. In particular, for every Hansen coefficient, multiplication by suitable powers of e and η results in an entire analytic function of η. Consequently, Hansen’s coefficients can be in principle computed by means of rapidly convergent series in powers of η. A representation of Hansen’s coefficients in terms of two entire functions of e ² follows.