石油遥感二十年

石油遥感是遥感技术应用领域的一个重要分支。本文着重回顾了20a 来我国的石油遥感从无到有,从小到大所经历的艰苦创业、壮大辉煌和稳步发展的成长过程及取得的巨大成就,论述了遥感技术在石油勘探、石油工程建设、环境监测等方面的成功应用,并对石油遥感技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

Organic compound tracers of fine soil and sand particles during summer in the metropolitan area of Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Soil and sand fine particles, which may be resuspended as fine dust in the atmosphere, contain a variety of anthropogenic and natural organic components. Samples of fine soil and sand particles (sieved to <125 μM) were collected from the Riyadh area in the summer of 2003 and extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1, v:v). The derivatized total extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order to characterize the composition and sources of the organic components. Both anthropogenic and natural biogenic inputs were the major sources of the organic compounds in these extracts. Discarded plastics and vehicular emission products were the major anthropogenic sources in the fine particles from populated areas of the city. Their tracers were plasticizers, UCM, n-alkanes, hopanes and traces of steranes. Vegetation was the major natural source of organic compounds in samples from outside Riyadh and included n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, n-alkanes, methyl alkanoates, sterols and triterpenoids. Carbohydrates had high concentrations (42–54%) in all samples and indicate sources from decomposition of cellulose and/or the presence of viable microbiota such as bacteria and fungi. The results were also compared with the data obtained in winter 2002 and showed that anthropogenic inputs were higher in summer than in winter, whereas the opposite trend was observed for natural inputs.     

Mn content of reservoir calcite cement: A novel inorganic geotracer of secondary petroleum migration in the tectonically complex Junggar Basin (NW China)

Electronic probe microanalysis(EPMA) results of reservoir calcite cement from fourteen core samples in the Junggar Basin show that Mn-content varies largely between different samples from below the detect limitation to 4.14%,while it displays a generally good correlation with oil-gas shows.This,therefore,likely indicates that concentration of the Mn-content of the calcite cement has a close rela-tion to the intensity of petroleum fluid charging during hydrocarbon secondary migration.In order to assess this hypothesis,oxygen and strontium isotopic measurements on sixteen calcite veins host in source sequences were carried out to investigate the feature of the oil-source petroleum fluid.Analytical results imply that during hydrocarbon generation and migration,deep hot fluid has dissolved volcanic minerals interlined between mudstone source rocks.As Mn is a kind of typical trace element enriched in volcanic rocks,it is reasonable to conclude that the petroleum fluid formed in the source sequences would be Mn-rich.Consequently,calcite cements precipitated from such Mn-rich petroleum fluid would be Mn-rich accordingly.Due to the geologic chromatographic effect during migration along reservoir rocks,the decreasing of the Mn-content of the reservoir calcite cements indicates the migration direction.Then,this novel geotracer was further successfully applied in the study of hydrocarbon migration in the Junggar Basin in combination with organic geochemical analyses during the hydrocarbon migration.The Mn content of the reservoir calcite cement appears promising as a novel inorganic geotracer for the petroleum migration.This paper represents a search for novel indicators of secondary petroleum migration in tectonically complex basins based on fundamentals of the reservoir fluid-rock interactions.     

Hydrodynamics and petroleum migration in the Upper Ordovician Red River Formation of the Williston Basin

Simulations of petroleum migration within the Red River petroleum system of the Williston Basin show that petroleum generation and secondary migration preceded the onset of an active hydrodynamic regime that persists to the present day. Furthermore: (1) a better understanding of the eastern limit of the mature source rock area, which is largely facies controlled, is required to reduce exploration risk east of the Nesson Anticline, (2) the Red River play types that have been prosperous in southeastern Saskatchewan should extend considerable distances to the north, as well as throughout central Saskatchewan and western Manitoba, Canada, and (3) accumulations that may have developed in the southwest of the basin have likely been flushed and redistributed subsequent to the onset of hydrodynamics.     

中国陆相复杂含油气系统的特征

含油气系统研究是当今石油地质界最为热门的研究课题之一,在油气勘探中日愈发挥重要作用。在中国陆相多旋回族合叠加型盆地背景下的含油气系统多表现为复杂的多源多灶多期生烃和成藏。这种复杂的含油气系统有３个较突出的特点：（１）多源多灶致系统叠置和交叉;（２）多阶段多期生烃、成藏和变动导致多源混生;（３）多个关键时刻。在复杂含油气系统的演化过程中,常有多期大规模的油气运移过程,因上顷研究过程中要重视过程的恢复     

Estimating the Depth of Stratigraphic Units from Marine Seismic Profiles Using Nonstationary Geostatistics

The object of this study is to build a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model of the stratigraphicunits of the margin of the Rhone River on the basis of geophysical investigations by a networkof seismic profiles at sea. The geometry of these units is described by depth charts of eachsurface identified by seismic profiling, which is done by geostatistics. The modeling starts bya statistical analysis by which we determine the parameters that enable us to calculate thevariograms of the identified surfaces. After having determined the statistical parameters, wecalculate the variograms of the variable Depth. By analyzing the behavior of the variogramwe then can deduce whether the situation is stationary and if the variable has an anisotropicbehavior. We tried the following two nonstationary methods to obtain our estimates: (a) Themethod of universal kriging if the underlying variogram was directly accessible. (b) Themethod of increments if the underlying variogram was not directly accessible. After havingmodeled the variograms of the increments and of the variable itself, we calculated the surfacesby kriging the variable Depth on a small-mesh estimation grid. The two methods then arecompared and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed, as well as theirfields of application. These methods are capable of being used widely in earthsciences forautomatic mapping of geometric surfaces or for variables such as a piezometricsurface or aconcentration, which are not stationary, that is, essentially, possess a gradient or a tendencyto develop systematically in space.     

澳大利亚西部油气勘探投资前景分析

阐述了澳大利亚良好的石油投资外部环境，西澳地区尤其是坎宁盆地具有极大的油气勘探开发潜力，是近两年来招标活动频繁、推出区块最多的地区之一。坎宁盆地分为南、北两个拗陷和中部隆起，其古生界发育了有利的生储盖组合，且以隆起、断阶和斜坡为成藏有利区带。初步评价认为，位于Fitzroy凹陷及其南侧断阶上的招标区块勘探风险较低，凹陷另侧(北侧)斜坡已发现6个油田。     

中国海相层序油气地质个性与勘探策略

中国海相地层的油气勘探直至近几年才获得重大突破,原因在于中国的海相油气地质的复杂性。中国古大陆板块的个性造就了中国海相盆地演化的多旋回性,由此形成烃源岩热成熟度高、目的层埋深大、保存条件差等个性。海相油气藏多具有多期次充注—调整改造—再充注的特点,且以气藏为主。中国海相油气勘探的策略应是以有效烃源岩、储集层及保存条件评价为基础,立足于古隆起发育区、海陆过渡相生储盖发育区、有效烃源岩与大面积储层的叠合区勘探,加强基础地质、地震、测井等综合研究,以提高勘探目标的预测性。     

Generation characteristics of Mesozoic syn- and post-rift source rocks,Bonaparte Basin,Australia: New insights from compositional kinetic modelling

Potential source rocks on the Laminaria High, a region of the northern Bonaparte Basin on the North West Shelf of Australia, occur within the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous early to post-rift sequences. Twenty-two representative immature source rock samples from the Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (Plover, Laminaria, Frigate, Flamingo and Echuca Shoals) sequences were analysed to define the hydrocarbon products that analogous mature source rocks could have generated during thermal maturation and filled the petroleum reservoirs in the Laminaria High region. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data indicate that all the source rocks contain type II–III organic matter and vary in organic richness and quality. Open system pyrolysis-gas chromatography on extracted rock samples show a dominance of aliphatic components in the pyrolysates. The Plover source rocks are the exception which exhibit high phenolic contents due to their predominant land-plant contribution. Most of the kerogens have the potential to generate Paraffinic–Naphthenic–Aromatic oils with low wax contents. Bulk kinetic analyses reveal a relatively broad distribution of activation energies that are directly related to the heterogeneity in the kerogens. These kinetic parameters suggest different degrees of thermal stability, with the predicted commencement of petroleum generation under geological heating conditions covering a relatively broad temperature range from 95 to 135 °C for the Upper Jurassic−Lower Cretaceous source rocks. Both shales and coals of the Middle Jurassic Plover Formation have the potential to generate oil at relatively higher temperatures (140–145 °C) than those measured for crude oils in previous studies. Hence, the Frigate and the Flamingo formations are the main potential sources of oils reservoired in the Laminaria and Corallina fields. Apart from being a reservoir, the Laminaria Formation also contains organic-rich layers, with the potential to generate oil. For the majority of samples analysed, the compositional kinetic model predictions indicate that 80% of the hydrocarbons were generated as oil and 20% as gas. The exception is the Lower Cretaceous Echuca Shoals Formation which shows the potential to generate a greater proportion (40%) of gas despite its marine source affinity, due to inertinite dominating the maceral assemblage.     

Hydrocarbon composition and distribution in a coastal region under influence of oil production in northeast Brazil

Waters and sediments from the Potiguar Basin (NE Brazilian coast) were investigated for the presence and nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The region receives treated produced waters through a submarine outfall system serving the industrial district. The total dispersed/dissolved concentrations in the water column ranged from 10-50 ng L⁻¹ for ∑16PAH and 5-10 μg L⁻¹ for total aliphatic hydrocarbons. In the sediments, hydrocarbon concentrations were low (0.5-10 ng g⁻¹for ∑16PAH and 0.01-5.0 μg g⁻¹ for total aliphatic hydrocarbons) and were consistent with the low organic carbon content of the local sandy sediments. These data indicate little and/or absence of anthropogenic influence on hydrocarbon distribution in water and sediment. Therefore, the measured values may be taken as background values for the region and can be used as future reference following new developments of the petroleum industry in the Potiguar Basin.