Redistribution of forest biomass in an heterogeneous environment of subtropical Andes undergoing agriculture adjustment

Estimations of the carbon stored in the above-ground biomass are important from traditional, ecological and forestry to contemporary climate and land-use change perspectives. Carbon sequestration and storage is reduced by deforestation and degradation and enhanced by forest regrowth and expansion. Recent studies show that forests are experiencing redistribution at different scales. Regions with steep topographical gradients simultaneously experience these four processes, upon which the final carbon balance in forests depends, but large scale patterns of above-ground carbon changes within forests have generally been overlooked. We developed above-ground carbon maps for 2000 and 2012 in a heterogeneous environment of subtropical Andes to a) explore the patterns of change in relation to biophysical variables and forests types and b) calculate the relative contribution of within forest carbon change and of forest expansion/deforestation to total above-ground carbon balance. Above-ground carbon trends showed spatial variation: biomass losses occurred in dry forests at low-mid elevations, while gains were restricted to higher elevation forests. Within forest changes implied larger changes in carbon stocks (+361976 Mg C) and in an opposite direction than deforestation and reforestation (−56750.16 Mg C), and determined an overall stability in terms of above-ground carbon for the study period. These contrasting patterns of above-ground change may be representative of larger heterogeneous regions such as tropical and subtropical Andes, and highlight the need of explicitly accounting for within forests change in current carbon regional balances.     

甘肃张掖黑河流域中游湿地退化原因及治理对策

概述了甘肃张掖黑河流域中游湿地的特点及特殊生态地位,从自然和人为因素两个方面系统阐述了张掖黑河湿地的退化原因。从创新保护形势、科学修复、理顺管理体制、加快发展相关产业、促进湿地保护等方面提出了张掖黑河湿地保护管理对策及措施。     

Regeneration of Rhodamine B Loaded Modified Biosorbent by a Self‐Cleaning Eluent: TiO2 Hydrosol

Waste beer yeast was modified by pyromellitic dianhydride to improve its adsorption capacity for rhodamine B (RhB). Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the modified biomass for RhB was 600 mg g^?1, which was about five times than that obtained on the unmodified biomass. Dye loaded modified biomass was regenerated by (1) a common eluent: HNO₃ solution and (2) a self‐cleaning eluent: TiO₂ hydrosol, while the pH of both systems varied from 1 to 4. Desorption experimental results showed that low desorption rates were obtained in both systems after the first desorption cycle. A large volume of HNO₃ solution was needed to obtain high desorption rate, and a concentrated solution of RhB was left, which brought a secondary pollution. As a self‐cleaning eluent, acid TiO₂ hydrosol acted both as eluent and photocatalyst. The desorbed RhB could be photodegraded under sunlight irradiation and the same hydrosol could be used in the next desorption cycle without losing its activity, which could economize large volumes of solvent. The results showed an adsorption capacity of the regenerated biosorbent for RhB of 450 mg g^?1 by using hydrosol with pH 2 as eluent after four desorption/photodegradation cycles.     

木栓质的菌解-热模拟实验特征及木栓质体的成烃演化机制

木栓质体是我国南方树皮煤的主要显微组分,在西北地区侏罗系煤层中也具有相当高的含量,是一种早期生油的显微组分,对煤成油和未熟-低熟油气的形成具有重要贡献。本文通过对被子植物栓皮栎周皮木栓组织的细菌降解和加水热模拟实验研究,系统地探讨了显微组分木栓质体的生物先质-木栓质的成烃演化过程,结果表明：木栓质可以被细菌降解,并具有两次热解油气生成高峰,分别相当于镜质体反射率0.35%～0.5%和0.8%～1.1%左右。角质体和树皮体的自然演化系列和热模拟实验结果也具有相似的特点。我们认为：(1)木栓质体的生烃潜力并没有在传统的“油窗”之前就消耗殆尽,在较高演化阶段仍然具有一定的油气生成潜力;(2) 木栓质体的热演化特征可以由木栓质的类脂特性来解释,现代植物木栓组织的化学结构特征和宏观大分子热稳定性的差异是显微组分木栓质体热降解多阶段生烃的主要原因;(3)木栓质热演化早期生成的液态油以含氧的胶质化合物为主,晚期则生成大量的C12+的高蜡油。     

Differential kinetics and temperature dependence of abiotic and biotic processes controlling the environmental fate of TNT in simulated marine systems

This work seeks to understand how the balance of abiotic and biotic kinetic processes in sediments control the residual concentration of TNT in marine systems after release from ocean-dumped source. Kinetics of TNT disappearance were followed using marine sediments at different temperatures and under both biotic and presumably abiotic conditions (through sodium azide addition). Sediments exhibiting the highest rate of TNT disappearance under biotic conditions also exhibited the highest sorption affinity for TNT under abiotic conditions. Significant temperature dependence in the abiotic processes was observed in the diffusion coefficient of TNT and not sediment sorption affinity. At higher temperature, kinetics of biotic processes outpaced abiotic processes, but at low temperature, kinetics of abiotic processes were much more significant. We concluded that the differential influence of temperature on the kinetics of abiotic and biotic processes could provide distinguishing predictions for the potential residual concentration of TNT contamination in marine-sediment systems.     

单宁的抗营养作用与去除方法的研究进展

单宁广泛存在于植物界中,并分布在植物的多个组织器官中,按其结构和性质可分为水解单宁、缩合单宁以及复杂单宁。单宁是植物性饲料原料中一种重要的抗营养因子,其对动物的抗营养作用主要表现在降低动物摄食率,降低营养物质的生物利用率及产生毒害作用等方面。单宁降低营养物质生物利用率的主要原因表现在:降低营养物质的消化与吸收;降低动物体内的氮平衡;改变动物消化道菌群;单宁能损害消化系统等方面。单宁的去除方法主要有理化方法和生物降解法。理化方法主要包括溶液浸提、干燥、脱壳、挤压、碱、聚乙二醇以及射线处理等。生物降解法主要是固态发酵法。本文综述了单宁的抗营养作用及去除方法。     

Application of principal component analysis to evaluation of black soil degradation in Jilin

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) can simplify the structure of database by replacing multi-dimensional parameters with relatively less comprehensive variables in order to ensure the minimum lost in initial data.In this paper,eighteen black soil samples from different sites were tested and thirteen distinctive indexes were chosen to evaluate the degeneration of black soil.By using principal component analysis,variables of thirteen dimensions can be diminished to six unrelated principal indexes.Analysis show...     

Formation history and physical properties of sediments from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope

The synthesis of available geological information and surface temperature evolution in the Alaska North Slope region suggests that: biogenic and deeper thermogenic gases migrated through fault networks and preferentially invaded coarse-grained layers that have relatively high hydraulic conductivity and low gas entry pressures; hydrate started forming before the beginning of the permafrost; eventually, the permafrost deepened and any remaining free water froze so that ice and hydrate may coexist at some elevations. The single tested specimen (depth 620.47-620.62 m) from the D unit consists of uncemented quartzitic fine sand with a high fraction of fines (56% by mass finer than sieve #200). The as-received specimen shows no evidence of gas present. The surface texture of sediment grains is compatible with a fluvial-deltaic sedimentation environment and shows no signs of glacial entrainment. Tests conducted on sediments with and without THF hydrates show that effective stress, porosity, and hydrate saturation are the major controls on the mechanical and geophysical properties. Previously derived relationships between these variables and mechanical/geophysical parameters properly fit the measurements gathered with Mount Elbert specimens at different hydrate saturations and effective stress levels. We show that these measurements can be combined with index properties and empirical geomechanical relationships to estimate engineering design parameters. Volumetric strains measured during hydrate dissociation vanish at 2-4 MPa; therefore, minimal volumetric strains are anticipated during gas production at the Mount Elbert well. However, volume changes could increase if extensive grain crushing takes place during depressurization-driven production strategies, if the sediment has unexpectedly high in situ porosity associated to the formation history, or if fines migration and clogging cause a situation of sustained sand production.     

Application of principal component analysis to evaluation of black soil degradation in Jilin

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) can simplify the structure of database by replacing multi-dimensional parameters with relatively less comprehensive variables in order to ensure the minimum lost in initial data.In this paper,eighteen black soil samples from different sites were tested and thirteen distinctive indexes were chosen to evaluate the degeneration of black soil.By using principal component analysis,variables of thirteen dimensions can be diminished to six unrelated principal indexes.Analysis shows that the soluble salt content,Fulvic acids(FA) and aggregation degree have a high weighing coefficient,indicating these three indexes are the major parts for the evaluation of black soil degradation.It also provides a new path to the degenerated black soil treatment in Northeast China.     

Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews

Land degradation is becoming a serious problem in the west coast region of India where one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots,the‘Western Ghats’,is present.Poor land management practices and high rainfall have led to increasing problems associated with land degradation.A long-term(13-year)experiment was done to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil carbon sequestration and soil quality at three different depths under cashew nut cultivation on a 19%slope.Five soil and water conservation measures-continuous contour trenches,staggered contour trenches,halfmoon terraces,semi-elliptical trenches,and graded trenches all with vegetative barriers of Stylosanthes scabra and Vetiveria zizanoides and control were evaluated for their influence on soil properties,carbon sequestration,and soil quality under cashews.The soil and water conservation measures improved significantly the soil organic carbon,soil organic carbon stock,carbon sequestration rate and microbial activity compared to the control condition(without any measures).Among the measures tested,continuous contour trenches with vegetative barriers outperformed the others with respect to soil organic carbon stock,sequestration rate,and microbial activity.The lower metabolic quotient with the measures compared to the control indicated alleviation of environmental stress on microbes.Using principal component analysis and a correlation matrix,a minimum dataset was identified as the soil available nitrogen,bulk density,basal soil respiration,soil pH,acid phosphatase activity,and soil available boron and these were the most important soil properties controlling the soil quality.Four soil quality indices using two summation methods(additive and weighted)and two scoring methods(linear and non-linear)were developed using the minimum dataset.A linear weighted soil quality index was able to statistically differentiate the effect of soil and water conservation measures from that of the control.The highest value of the soil quality index of 0.98 was achieved with continuous contour trenches with a vegetative barrier.The results of the study indicate that soil and water conservation measures for cashews are a potential strategy to improve the soil carbon sequestration and soil quality along with improving crop productivity and reducing the erosion losses.