7月龄方斑东风螺形态性状对体质量的通径分析

为探明方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)形态性状对体质量的影响程度,对7月龄方斑东风螺的体质量(Y)和11个(X_1-X_(11))形态性状进行了测量。结果显示,7月龄方斑东风螺体质量与各形态性状间呈正相关,相关系数均达到极显著水平(P0.01);通径分析发现壳宽(X_2)对体质量的直接作用最大(0.373),其次为体螺层高(X_7)、壳口高(X_3),而次螺层宽(X_(10))主要通过X_2、X_3及X_7间接影响体质量;决定系数分析显示,这4个性状对体质量的共同决定系数之和为0.852,说明体质量主要受这些性状的影响;经多元回归分析,建立了7月龄方斑东风螺形态性状对体质量的回归方程。将回归方程中的X_2、X_3、X_7和X_(10)等4个形态性状与体质量分别进行模型拟合,最优拟合模型分别为:Y=0.0034X_2~(2.5128),Y=0.0034X_3~(2.4349),Y=0.0015X_7~(2.5967),Y=-6.4964+1.3293X_(10)。     

Slope angle and aspect as influencing factors on the accuracy of the SRTM and the ASTER GDEM databases

Presently, the application of digital elevation or surface models have increasing relevance in all areas of scientific research and in practical engineering applications. The ASTER GDEM and SRTM databases are the most widely used digital surface models, due to their free accessibility and global coverage. The SRTM model was produced using a radar-based technique and the ASTER GDEM was developed using optical stereo image-pairs. Therefore, as all models contain errors (i.e. differences stemming from real surface or vertical biases), errors in these models will also differ. Our aim was to examine these vertical biases and to calculate the rate of error variance. A TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) model was used as a reference surface, derived from the contour lines of a large scale topographic map. Errors were evaluated with statistical and geoinformation techniques. We discovered significant differences between the surfaces. The mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V2 is +2.6 ± 4 m, while the mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V3 is +2.7 ± 2.5 m. With the GDEM, the mean difference was 2.7 ± 9.1 m. Furthermore, we found that in the case of SRTM, the differences were significant considering the aspects and the steepness of the slopes: southern and eastern directions and larger slope angles showed greater differences compared to the reference data. The GDEM V2 DEM had a larger error variance, but the error did not vary significantly with slope angle.     

Rheological characteristics and one-dimensional isotache modelling of marine soft clays

Abstract

This paper presents a novel elasto-viscoplastic constitutive formulation based on the isotache concepts and the Nishihara model. Incorporating a novel viscoelastic body to include the delay elastic deformation of marine soft clays under the external load, the proposed model is used to evaluate the theories of consolidation-creep coupling, strain rate dependency and stress relaxation of saturated marine soft clays, and hence, the methodology used to determine the parameters of the model is discussed. Ningbo marine soft clay is selected as an example to interpret the determination of the model parameters on a field scale. A series of conventional oedometer tests are conducted as well. Eventually, we utilize the model to simulate several kinds of rheological tests, including one-dimensional (1-D) long-term compression tests on Ningbo marine soft clays, 1-D constant rate of strain (CRS) tests on Batiscan clays and 1-D stress relaxation tests on Hong Kong marine deposits. These findings indicate good agreement between the computational and experimental results, suggesting the given model can provide reliable forecasts for the rheological characteristics of marine soft clays.     

Identifying transit corridors for elephant using a long time-series

The role of corridors in mitigating the effects of landscape fragmentation on biodiversity is controversial. Recent studies have highlighted the need for new approaches in corridor design using long-term datasets. We present a method to identify transit corridors for elephant at a population scale over a large area and an extended period of time using long-term aerial surveys. We investigated environmental and anthropogenic factors directly and indirectly related to the wet versus dry season distribution of elephant and its transit corridors. Four environmental variables predicted the presence of elephant at the landscape scale in both seasons: distance from permanent water, protected areas and settlements and vegetation structure. Path analysis revealed that altitude and monthly average NDVI, and distance from temporary water had a significant indirect effect on elephant distribution at local scale in dry and wet seasons respectively. Five transit corridors connecting Tarangire National Park and the northern as well as south-eastern wet season dispersal areas were identified and matched the wildlife migration routes described in the 1960s. The corridors are stable over the decades, providing landscape connectivity for elephant. Our approach yielded insights how advanced spatial analysis can be integrated with biological data available from long-term datasets to identify actual transit corridors and predictors of species distribution.     

Continuity and change in path-dependent regional policy development: The regional implementation of the Norwegian VRI programme

Despite being promoted as a fresh start, new innovation programmes tend to inherit structures and procedures from previous initiative. The authors examine the regional implementation of the Norwegian VRI programme (Programme for Regional R&D and Innovation). Using insights from evolutionary theory, they elaborate on the coexistence of continuity and change in programme practice. Characteristics of previous programmes that have been followed in the new VRI programme are outlined, and new elements and procedures that have been introduced are tracked. The authors find that the new programme does not mark a radical break with the past, and clearly shows path-dependent evolution. Based on the assumption that ‘history matters’, the article contributes towards a more nuanced understanding of the various dimensions of path dependency.     

Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration

 Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted T). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the `final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service, (b) fixing integer ambiguities, (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km ≤ L ≤ 300 km, and (e) 4 h ≤T ≤ 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north–south dimension (denoted S _n and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated by the equation S _n =k _n /T ^0.5 with k _n =9.5 ± 2.1 mm · h^0.5 and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east–west and in the up-down dimensions are adequately approximated by the equations S _e =k _e /T ^0.5 and S _u =k _u /T ^0.5, respectively, with k _e =9.9 ± 3.1 mm · h^0.5 and k _u =36.5 ± 9.1 mm · h^0.5. Received: 5 February 2001 / Accepted: 14 May 2001     

天气雷达反射率因子的实时衰减订正

基于当代天气雷达信号处理及其数据输出的特点，提出可供气象台站对天气雷达反射率因子进行实时衰减订正的基本订正算法和参考目标订正算法。通过数值仿真，比较了这两种算法的各自优缺点；还讨论了盲距衰减A(r0)和雷达系统误差△C对估算真实反射率因子的影响。     

Equivalent linear method considering frequency dependent characteristics of stiffness and damping

Equivalent linear dynamic response analysis of ground is based on complex moduli and Fourier series expansion; therefore, it is not an equivalent method but an approximate method. Two deficiencies in the conventional equivalent linear method represented by SHAKE are described first. The maximum shear strength is overestimated, resulting in overestimation of the peak acceleration under a strong ground motion, and the amplification is underestimated at high frequency. The latter sometimes results in underestimation of the peak acceleration under weak ground shaking, and gives an incident wave with unrealistic large accelerations or a divergence of analysis in deconvolution analysis under strong ground motion. Both deficiencies are shown to come from the same cause, i.e. computing the effective strain as a constant fraction of the maximum strain. Since this is a key concept of the equivalent linear analysis, one cannot overcome both deficiencies at the same time in the conventional method. An apparent frequency dependence in stiffness and damping is shown to appear in the dynamic response, although soil itself does not show frequency dependent characteristics. Following this observation, the effective strain is expressed in terms of frequency from the similarity concept of the strain–frequency relationship between time domain and frequency domain. This enables the reduction of both deficiencies at the same time, resulting in a marked improvement in the equivalent linear analysis. The accuracy of the proposed method is examined by the simulations of three vertical array records during large earthquakes. The proposed method always gives much better prediction than conventional equivalent linear methods for both convolution and deconvolution analyses, and it is confirmed to be applicable at more than 1% shear strain.     

机载成像光谱仪图像大气程辐射影响归一化及其简化校正

航空成像光谱仪得到的图像，其临边的辐射值与飞机正下方（天底点）的辐射值差别较大，此种现像称之为扫描图像的临边效应，它严重影响图像的质量，使图像的有效使用面积大为减少，还可能引起错误的判读，为了消除这种影响。本文提出一种物理意义明确，在实施过程中简单易行，而有效的方法，文中将详述航空飞行方式、数据及图像处理方法，而不涉及星载扫描图像的处理问题。     

磁性构造学研究方法述评

本文分析了磁性构造学的各种基本研究方法，继而讨论了近年来古地磁视极移曲线分析方法的研究进展，然后讨论了真极移问题，最后对当前磁性构造学的研究动向作了简要的概括。