中国中新生代咸化湖盆烃源岩沉积的问题及相关进展

我国东部断陷湖盆和西部坳陷湖盆第三系均有蒸发岩与烃源岩共生现象。前者水体深、咸化范围小，在氯化盐和碳酸盐沉积环境中形成了优质烃源岩，后者水体浅、咸化范围大，在氯化盐和硫酸盐沉积环境中发育了优质烃源岩，作者认为两种湖盆出现的水体分层是有机质堆积和保存的重要条件。济阳坳陷和柴达木盆地为两类咸化湖盆的典型代表，对它们的研究可以深化蒸发岩-烃源岩共生区油气地质的认识、促进勘探发展。     

三元复合驱采出污水回注渗透率的影响因素分析

基于大庆油田三元复合驱采出污水回注对地层存在的损害现象,研究了污水回注渗透率的影响因素。采用室内水驱实验方法,对三元复合驱采出污水中悬浮物、油、碱、聚合物等因素进行了分析,阐述了各种成分对渗透率的影响机理。结果表明,悬浮物颗粒会堵塞孔隙喉道,油产生的“贾敏效应”将增大油水流动阻力,碱与岩石及黏土矿物问的物理化学作用会使地层结垢,聚合物在岩芯中的吸附和滞留共同造成地层渗透率的下降。因此,建议将三元复合驱采出污水中悬浮物、油、碱、聚合物等处理合格后再进行回注,以减轻对地层的损害。     

贵州大厂锑矿有机质与有机成矿作用

用有机地球化学方法对矿区与右江盆地有机质的分析研究表明，容矿的大厂层有机碳与锑含量相对较高；有机包裹体主要是气态烃包裹体与沥青包裹体，在气态烃包裹体中含0％～30％的液态烃，发暗黄色荧光；有机气相成分中四种烷烃甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷均有显示；从主成矿期萤石中的沥青及右江盆地再沉积火山碎屑岩中的干酪根的生物标志物测定结果来看，二者在正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜烷与甾烷标志物特征上较为接近，表明右江盆地沉积物中的有机质与锑矿中的有机质有亲缘关系。模拟实验证明原油对锑有较强的萃取迁移能力；而有机质在锑成矿过程中主要起三方面的作用：淋滤、萃取迁移及还原沉淀。     

超压对川东南地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩储层影响分析

四川盆地东南部保存条件较好的五峰组-龙马溪组页岩普遍存在超压,且在其他地质条件相同的情况下,超压页岩储层相对于常压、低压储层具有更高的孔隙度.研究表明,富有机质页岩在适中的热演化过程中,由于烃类的大量生成,形成较多有机质孔隙,增加了页岩储层储集空间;另一方面,烃类大量生成造成的超压对页岩储层储集空间保存具有至关重要的作用.川东南五峰组-龙马溪组优质页岩储层孔隙以有机质孔、黏土矿物孔等塑性孔为主,且缺少刚性矿物颗粒支撑,易被上覆地层有效应力压实.但超压的存在对于页岩储层具有保护作用,抵消了上覆地层有效应力对页岩储层的机械压实,从而使已形成的页岩孔隙保存下来,使页岩储集空间得以保留.研究超压对页岩储层孔隙度影响机制以及超压页岩储层发育模式对于四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气勘探、开发具有重要意义.     

煤中有机质二次生烃迟滞性及其反应动力学机制

采用自然成熟度系列与其预热残渣系列样品相结合方式, 通过热解模拟方法, 对煤中有机质二次生烃迟滞性显现特征和化学反应动力学机制进行了探讨.结果表明: 二次生烃起始成熟度增高, 二次生烃峰位成熟度呈规律性后移, 二次生烃作用“死线”位于R_o=4.0 %左右; 二次生烃峰位成熟度与起始成熟度之差随起始成熟度的增高呈抛物线式演化, 二次生烃的绝对迟滞性和相对迟滞性均呈阶段性演化, 由此可对二次生烃迟滞深度进行预测; 二次生烃半峰宽随起始成熟度呈阶段性演化, 暗示二次生烃起始成熟度位于生油高峰附近的烃源岩, 其生烃量可能相对较大.同时, 原始样品平均活化能的演化经历了4个阶段, 它们与热解生烃量及二次生烃迟滞性的阶段性演化特征高度吻合, 揭示出二次生烃作用严格受控于反应动力学的地球化学机制.      

Tracing suspended sediment and particulate phosphorus sources in catchments

Information on suspended sediment and particulate P (PP) sources is an important requirement in many catchment-based diffuse source pollution studies, in order to assist with model validation and to provide information to support the development of effective sediment and phosphorus control strategies. Such information is, however, frequently unavailable or difficult to assemble. In the study reported, source fingerprinting procedures were successfully used to assemble this information for seven sub-catchments in the Hampshire Avon catchment and five sub-catchments in the Middle Herefordshire Wye catchment. The results provide important new information on the relative importance of the contributions from surface and channel/subsurface sources to the suspended sediment and PP fluxes from the catchments. In the Wye sub-catchments channel/subsurface sources contributed 40–55% of the overall suspended sediment flux and 21–43% of the PP flux from the catchments. Equivalent values for the Avon were 1–41% and 1–54%, respectively. Combination of the information on the relative importance of surface and channel/subsurface sources with measured suspended sediment fluxes has provided the first estimates of the specific fluxes of sediment and PP attributable to channel/subsurface sources for UK catchments. The former are as high as 15–20 t km⁻² year⁻¹ in some of the Wye sub-catchments, whereas the latter exceeded 0.1 kgP ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the same sub-catchments. The results emphasize the need to take account of potential contributions from channel/subsurface sources when using measured suspended sediment and PP flux data to validate predictions derived from models incorporating only surface contributions.     

桂林城区大气能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象因子关系研究

利用2015年1月至2017年6月桂林国家基本气象站能见度、相对湿度、气温、气压、降水等气象要素和PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0颗粒物质量浓度资料,分析桂林城区大气能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象因子之间关系。结果表明：桂林城区大气能见度和PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0呈对数关系,相关系数分别为-0.341、-0.461、-0.509,颗粒物对大气能见度影响在相对湿度为60%—70%时最为显著。在各气象因子中,大气能见度与风速的相关性最好,其次为相对湿度,与风速呈二次函数关系,与相对湿度呈幂指数关系,与温度相关性较小,与气压在秋冬季节呈正相关,相关系数冬季可达0.301,但在春、夏季节相关性不显著;利用颗粒物浓度和气象要素建立8种大气能见度非线性统计回归模型,比较后发现利用PM_1.0、风速、相对湿度、气温等因子建立的不同季节大气能见度拟合公式在实际检验中效果最优,能较好地模拟桂林地区大气能见度的变化。     

淮河流域秸秆焚烧关键期主要大气污染物浓度时空分布特征

基于2015年6月淮河流域卫星遥感监测火点信息、环境空气质量监测数据和常规气象观测资料,利用ANUSPLIN和ArcGISKriging方法对气象要素和主要大气污染物浓度空间栅格化,分析了秸秆焚烧关键期内AQI和主要污染物浓度的时空变化特征及其与气温、相对湿度、风速等气象要素的相关关系。结果表明:秸秆焚烧关键期内,淮河流域城市AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度均明显升高,且与卫星监测火点具有一定时空响应关系。在时间变化上,AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度6月上中旬呈波动上升,6月下旬趋于回落;在空间分布方面,AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度三者分布形态相似,总体上呈现"南低北高、两高一低"分布特征;期间AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度与气温呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关,与风速的相关性不显著。     

中国自然铜矿床类型、特征、分布及形成条件

近年来的找矿进展显示,我国至少存在2种以上成因类型的自然铜矿床(矿化带):火山-沉积碎屑岩型和陆相砂页岩型等,其主要分布在扬子地块西南缘和新疆天山地区.以湘西九曲湾(麻阳)铜矿和滇东北沿河铜矿为例,结合国外典型自然铜矿床(矿化带),分析了自然铜的成矿学特征及形成条件.通过对比分析沉积砂岩铜矿(硫化物)与自然铜矿的成矿学特征,认为自然铜成矿必须具备3个条件:①孔隙度丰富而适宜的储矿岩石;②水-岩反应中有利于含铜岩石的萃取和运移的浅成低温热液(卤水);③贫硫富生物有机质的地球化学还原障壁带.研究显示,自然铜形成于碱性贫硫的还原环境中,生物有机质对自然铜的成矿起重要作用,相对封闭的成矿环境、独特的流体性质对自然铜起保护作用.我国南方的自然铜矿床一般显示出层控、浅成低温及生物有机质参与成矿等特点.最后探讨了自然铜矿床在我国的找矿勘探前景.     

Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear, Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing, China

Total suspended particulates(TSP)samples were collected using low pressure impactors(Andersen Series 20-800,USA)on typical clear,hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter(PM)in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements,including Na,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Se,Cd,Ba,Tl and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The results showed that Ca,Al,Fe,Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0-2.6 times higher than on clear days,and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days.Concentrations of Cu,Zn,As,Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5,1186.7,65.9,32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3,respectively,in fine particles,and 68.1,289.5,19.8,1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3,respectively,in coarse particles.This was 1.0-8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days,respectively.It is then shown that Mg,Al,Fe,Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles,peaking at 4.7-5.8μm;that Cd,Se,Zn,As,Tl and Pb were most dominant in fine particles,peaking at 0.43-1.1μm;and that Na,K,Ni,Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution,with peaks at 0.43-1.1μm and 4.7-5.8μm.The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.