胶东海阳所超镁铁岩中强亲铁元素的地球化学特征及其构造环境探讨

强亲铁元素与亲石元素具有不同的地球化学行为,因此能够从不同的角度为造山带中超镁铁岩的成因及演化提供重要信息。位于苏鲁造山带东北端的胶东海阳所超镁铁岩主要由橄榄岩和辉石岩组成,它们常以团块状赋存于花岗质片麻岩中。虽然前人对这些超镁铁岩已经开展大量岩石学研究,但关于其成因及构造属性仍存在较大争议。本文开展了海阳所超镁铁岩的全岩主微量元素、强亲铁元素及Re-Os同位素的分析工作,结果显示蛇纹石化橄榄岩具有较高的MgO和Fe₂O₃^T含量,较低的Al₂O₃、TiO₂和CaO含量,明显富集流体迁移元素（U、Pb）,亏损高场强元素（Zr、Hf）,强亲铁元素没有发生明显分异,但Ru显示正异常,表明海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩是经历了低-中等程度部分熔融及熔/流体交代作用影响的残余地幔橄榄岩。海阳所辉石岩的主量元素表现出明显的结晶分异特征,稀土元素较原始地幔富集,铂族元素（PGEs）含量较低且发生了明显的分异,表明辉石岩的地幔源区经历过高程度的部分熔融和硫化物的分离。海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩的Os同位素地球化学特征表现出大洋亲和性,与辉石岩不具有熔体-残留体的关系。由于该地区发育较深层次的韧性剪切带,蛇纹石化橄榄岩中的橄榄石与辉石表现出韧性变形的特征,同时有辉石岩侵入到橄榄岩的现象,表明该地区的蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩与辉石岩既不同时,也不同源,因此,暗示了该套岩石组合可能形成于大洋核杂岩（OCC）与洋脊型蛇绿岩（MOR）堆晶岩交互发育环境。

     

压力对辉长岩矿物反应和部分熔融影响的实验研究

本文在高温高压条件下,开展了辉长岩矿物反应与部分熔融实验,利用偏光显微镜与扫描电镜对实验样品微观结构观察,研究实验中的新生矿物与熔体的分布;通过电子探针分析熔体成分特征。实验结果表明,在低压(300MPa)条件下,静压和塑性变形实验样品中,单斜辉石以固体反应方式生成橄榄石,在高压(1300MPa)塑性实验中所有实验样品都没有发现新生矿物颗粒,这与相图中低压条件下斜长石与橄榄石稳定共存,而高压下斜长石-辉石稳定共存相吻合。高压塑性变形条件下,单斜辉石和黑云母首先发生部分熔融,随着温度增高,斜长石逐渐参与熔融,熔体呈薄膜状分布在矿物颗粒边界,熔体成分依赖于参与熔融的矿物成分,表明出现的熔体为非平衡熔融结果。     

辽宁后仙峪硼矿区混合岩的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄：对硼矿成矿演化的制约

辽东硼矿赋存于辽吉裂谷带的古元古代火山—沉积岩系之中,属沉积—变质型硼矿床,主矿区包括有后仙峪硼镁矿、翁泉沟硼铁矿和砖庙—杨木杆硼镁矿,一直以来是我国硼矿石的主产地。本次研究在后仙峪硼矿区采集了矿区外围的条痕状混合花岗岩(DSQ-08)和矿体上盘侵位于电英岩之中的含电气石混合花岗岩(HXY-19),挑选出其中的锆石单矿物进行LA-MC-ICP-MS测年。条痕状混合花岗岩中锆石的核部具有岩浆振荡环带,Th/U值为0.64~0.96,~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄为2240±4Ma;含电气石混合花岗岩中锆石的内核和边部均具有极为清晰的岩浆振荡环带,Th/U值分别为0.12~1.05和0.41~1.08,~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb年龄分别记录了2157±6Ma和1932±26Ma两次锆石生长事件。含电气石的混合花岗岩的锆石边部形成于混合岩化过程之中,记录了辽河群下部岩石在1.9Ga左右发生的部分熔融作用事件,具有重要的地质意义。矿区外围的条痕状混合花岗岩和矿体周缘含电气石混合花岗岩的核部岩浆年龄较为接近,说明两种岩石可能均由古元古代的火山—沉积岩,在1.9Ga左右经部分熔融作用形成。因此,结合前人在后仙峪硼矿区内进行的硼同位素地球化学和岩相学方面的研究成果,我们认为后仙峪硼矿区混合花岗岩的锆石核部U-Pb年龄可基本确定辽吉裂谷早期的超基性火山岩和酸性火山岩的喷发、海相蒸发沉积事件均发生于2240~2157Ma左右,该时期的蒸发沉积作用初步形成硼酸盐矿;后期强烈的部分熔融和混合岩化作用发生在1932±26Ma,在超基性火山岩保护下,硼矿发生变质和小规模的迁移,形成了硼镁矿、硼镁铁矿及矿体周缘的电英岩和含电气石混合花岗岩。     

Geochemical correlations between effusive and explosive silicic volcanics in the Saraykent region (Yozgat), central Anatolia,Turkey

Two main volcanic events are distinguished between Saraykent and Akçakışla in the Yozgat province of central Anatolia: (1) early Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene effusive activity, that produced a sequence of intermediate to felsic ‘basal lavas’; and (2) marginally later Palaeocene explosive activity that formed a series of covering ignimbrite flows. Due to their close temporal and spatial relation, geochemical comparisons were made between the silicic members of the lavas and ignimbrites, to identify chemical groups and their relative petrogenesis. The basal lavas range from calc‐alkaline basaltic andesites to dominant rhyolites. Based on trace element correlations three main geochemical groups were identified: the Akçakışla rhyolites (present as domes); Akçakışla rhyodacites‐dacites (lava flows); and Ozan‐Saraykent rhyolites (lava flows). Large‐ion lithophile elements have been mobile in all the groups, but mainly in the Akçakışla rhyolites. Rare earth element (REE) patterns show marked similarity between the Ozan and Saraykent basal lavas. The Akçakışla dome rhyolites are more fractionated with lower La_N/Yb_N ratios (c.10), whereas the Akçakışla basal lavas have much higher La_N/Yb_N ratios (c.30). The chemical coherence and petrographic similarities between the Saraykent and Ozan lavas suggest a single suite related via fractionation. Three geochemical groups were also established for the ignimbrites: Saraykent ignimbrite; Bağlıca ignimbrite‐Toklu‐Kızıldağ crystal tuffs; and Keklikpınar ignimbrite. The ignimbrites, like the basal lavas, display a pronounced depletion in Ba on ORG‐normalized plots. Relative to the basal lavas, chondrite‐normalized patterns for the ignimbrites are different in displaying negative Eu anomalies that indicate feldspar fractionation. The lack of geochemical overlap or coherence between any of the lava and ignimbrite groups suggests that they represent distinct eruptive events and are not related in any simple volcanic development and cogenetic sense. Two geochemical features are common to all the volcanic rock groups: (1) the presence of a Nb‐Ta anomaly, which is generally accepted as a crustal signature; and (2) the relatively low Y abundances which appear characteristic for the region as a whole. These fundamental features of the local silicic volcanism largely reflect source composition and effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Melt loss and the preservation of granulite facies mineral assemblages

The loss of a metamorphic fluid via the partitioning of H₂O into silicate melt at higher metamorphic grade implies that, in the absence of open system behaviour of melt, the amount of H₂O contained within rocks remains constant at temperatures above the solidus. Thus, granulite facies rocks, composed of predominantly anhydrous minerals and a hydrous silicate melt should undergo considerable retrogression to hydrous upper amphibolite facies assemblages on cooling as the melt crystallizes and releases its H₂O. The common occurrence of weakly retrogressed granulite facies assemblages is consistent with substantial melt loss from the majority of granulite facies rocks. Phase diagram modelling of the effects of melt loss in hypothetical aluminous and subaluminous metapelitic compositions shows that the amount of melt that has to be removed from a rock to preserve a granulite facies assemblage varies markedly with rock composition, the number of partial melt loss events and the P–T conditions at which melt loss occurs. In an aluminous metapelite, the removal of nearly all of the melt at temperatures above the breakdown of biotite is required for the preservation of the peak mineral assemblage. In contrast, the proportion of melt loss required to preserve peak assemblages in a subaluminous metapelite is close to half that required for the aluminous metapelite. Thus, if a given proportion of melt is removed from a sequence of metapelitic granulites of varying composition, the degree of preservation of the peak metamorphic assemblage may vary widely.     

An experimental study on the shallow-level migmatization of ferrogabbros from the Fuerteventura Basal Complex, Canary Islands

Spectacular shallow-level migmatization of ferrogabbroic rocks occurs in a metamorphic contact aureole of a gabbroic pluton of the Tierra Mala massif (TM) on Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). In order to improve our knowledge of the low pressure melting behavior of gabbroic rocks and to constrain the conditions of migmatization of the TM gabbros, we performed partial melting experiments on a natural ferrogabbro, which is assumed as protolith of the migmatites. The experiments were performed in an internally heated pressure vessel (IHPV) at 200 MPa, 930–1150 °C at relatively oxidizing conditions. Distinct amounts of water were added to the charge.

From 930 to 1000 °C, the observed experimental phases are plagioclase (An_60–70), clinopyroxene, amphibole (titanian magnesiohastingsites), two Fe–Ti oxides, and a basaltic, K-poor melt. Above 1000 °C, amphibole is no longer stable. The first melts are very rich in normative plagioclase (>70 wt.%). This indicates that at the beginning of partial melting plagioclase is the major phase which is consumed to produce melt. In the experiments, plagioclase is stable up to high temperatures (1060 °C) showing increasing An content with temperature. This is not compatible with the natural migmatites, in which An-rich plagioclase is absent in the melanosomes, while amphibole is stable. Our results show that the partial melting of the natural rocks cannot be regarded as an “in-situ” process that occurred in a closed system. Considerable amounts of alkalis probably transported by water-rich fluids, derived from the mafic pluton underplating the TM gabbro, were necessary to drive the melting reaction out of the stability range of plagioclase. A partial melting experiment with a migmatite gabbro showing typical “in-situ” textures as starting material supports this assumption.

Crystallization experiments performed at 1000 °C on a glass of the fused ferrogabbro with different water contents added to the charge show that generally high water activities could be achieved (crystallization of amphibole), independently of the bulk water content, even in a system with very low initial bulk water content (0.3 wt.%). Increasing water contents produce plagioclase richer in An, reduces the modal proportion of plagioclase in the crystallizing assemblage and extends the melt fraction. High melt fractions of >30 wt.% could only be observed in systems with high bulk water contents (>2 wt.%). This indicates that the migmatites were generated under water-rich conditions (probably water-saturated), since those migmatites, which are characterized as “in-situ” formations, show generally high amounts of leucosomes (>30 wt.%).     

Experimental constraints on the effects of pressure and H2O on the fractional crystallization of high-Mg island arc basalt

H₂O-undersaturated melting experiments of synthesized basalt (SiO₂ = 50.7 wt.%, MgO = 8.3 wt.%, Mg# = 60) were conducted at fO₂ corresponding to NNO+1 and NNO−1 to clarify the effects of pressure (2–7 kbar) and H₂O on fractional crystallization in island arcs. H₂O content was ranged from nominally anhydrous to 4.4 wt.%. Differentiation trends, namely the liquid lines of descent, change sensitively according to pressure-H₂O relations. Tholeiitic differentiation trends are reproduced with H₂O ≤ ∼2 wt.% in primary magma. With such quantities of H₂O, fractional crystallization is controlled by olivine + plagioclase at 2 kbar. Increasing the pressure from 2 to ≥4 kbar induces early crystallization of orthopyroxene instead of olivine and therefore SiO₂ enrichment in the residual melts is suppressed. Increasing H₂O (≥ ∼2 wt.% in primary magma) stabilizes clinopyroxene relative to orthopyroxene and/or magnetite. Although the phase relations and proportions strongly depend on fO₂ and H₂O content, differentiation trends are always calc-alkaline.     

Partial crustal melting beneath the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain): The case study of Mar Menor volcanic suite

The Neogene Volcanic Province (NVP) within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain) consists of three main metapelitic enclave suites (from SW to NE: El Hoyazo, Mazarrón and Mar Menor). Since the NVP represents a singular place in the world where crustal enclaves were immediately quenched after melting, their microstructures provide a “photograph” of the conditions at depth just after the moment of the melting.

The thermobarometric information provided by the different microstructural assemblages has been integrated with the geophysical and geodynamical published data into a model of the petrologic evolution of the Mar Menor enclaves. They were equilibrated at 2–3 kbar, 850–900 °C, and followed a sequence of heating melt producing reactions. A local cooling event evidenced by minor melt crystallization preceded the eruption.

The lower crustal studies presented in this work contribute to the knowledge of: (i) the partial melting event beneath the Mar Menor volcanic suite through a petrologic detailed study of the enclaves; (ii) how the microstructures of fast cooled anatectic rocks play an important role in tracing the magma evolution in a chamber up to the eruption, and how they can be used as pseudothermobarometers; (iii) the past and current evolution of the Alborán Domain (Betic Cordillera) and Mediterranean Sea, and how the base of a metapelitic crust has melted within an active geodynamic setting.     

Trace element distribution among rock-forming minerals from metamorphosed to partially molten basic igneous rocks in a contact aureole (Fuerteventura, Canaries)

Low pressure partial melting of basanitic and ankaramitic dykes gave rise to unusual, zebra-like migmatites, in the contact aureole of a layered pyroxenite–gabbro intrusion, in the root zone of an ocean island (Basal Complex, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands). These migmatites are characterised by a dense network of closely spaced, millimetre-wide leucocratic segregations. Their mineralogy consists of plagioclase (An_32–36), diopside, biotite, oxides (magnetite, ilmenite), +/− amphibole, dominated by plagioclase in the leucosome and diopside in the melanosome. The melanosome is almost completely recrystallised, with the preservation of large, relict igneous diopside phenocrysts in dyke centres. Comparison of whole-rock and mineral major- and trace-element data allowed us to assess the redistribution of elements between different mineral phases and generations during contact metamorphism and partial melting.

Dykes within and outside the thermal aureole behaved like closed chemical systems. Nevertheless, Zr, Hf, Y and REEs were internally redistributed, as deduced by comparing the trace element contents of the various diopside generations. Neocrystallised diopside – in the melanosome, leucosome and as epitaxial phenocryst rims – from the migmatite zone, are all enriched in Zr, Hf, Y and REEs compared to relict phenocrysts. This has been assigned to the liberation of trace elements on the breakdown of enriched primary minerals, kaersutite and sphene, on entering the thermal aureole. Major and trace element compositions of minerals in migmatite melanosomes and leucosomes are almost identical, pointing to a syn- or post-solidus reequilibration on the cooling of the migmatite terrain i.e. mineral–melt equilibria were reset to mineral–mineral equilibria.     

苏鲁超高压地体部分熔融时间的厘定：荣成花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素证据

威海-荣成地区混合岩化花岗质片麻岩为研究超高压地体折返过程中的部分熔融提供了理想的窗口。本文通过对荣成地区鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带野外观察、岩相学以及锆石的CL图像、U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素的系统研究表明,鲍村花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带为部分熔融的产物,其主要矿物组成为石英+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母。锆石CL图像显示清楚的核-边结构:继承岩浆核和新生岩浆边。继承核的206Pb/238U协和年龄为620±8～784±7Ma(Mean=701±33Ma);具有典型的岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如重稀土(HREE)和Y富集,强烈的正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N和Hf/Y比值;εHf(t=700Ma)值为-13.0～-8.0(Mean=-10.9±0.8),相应的tDM2为2120～2429Ma(Mean=2303±51Ma)。新生边的206Pb/238U协和年龄为211±6～244±5Ma(226±10Ma);虽然微量元素的整体含量低于继承核,但也具有岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如稀土元素配分模式显示HREE明显上翘的特征,正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N比值;εHf(t=225Ma)值为-17.3～-14.2(Mean=-15.2±0.6),相应的tDM2为2152～2347Ma(Mean=2214±33Ma)。上述特征表明,部分熔融的原岩是由古元古代(2.2～2.3Ga)的地壳物质在新元古代(701±33Ma)重熔而成,部分熔融可能发生在超高压地体折返早期的热折返阶段(榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相条件下),时代应为226±10Ma。威海-荣成混合岩化片麻岩内广泛发育的富含钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉(约220～210Ma),可能为折返晚期的角闪岩相冷凝阶段,部分熔融形成的熔体经历了结晶分异作用的产物。