Wet and Dry Basalt Magma Evolution at Torishima Volcano, Izu Bonin Arc, Japan: the Possible Role of Phengite in the Downgoing Slab

The arc-front volcanoes of Sumisu (31·5°N, 140°E)and Torishima (30·5°N, 140·3°E) in thecentral Izu–Bonin arc are similar in size and rise asrelatively isolated edifices from the seafloor. Together theyprovide valuable along-arc information about magma generationprocesses. The volcanoes have erupted low-K basalts originatingfrom both wet and dry parental basaltic magmas (low-Zr basaltsand high-Zr basalts, respectively). Based on models involvingfluid-immobile incompatible element ratios (La/Sm), the parentalbasalts appear to result from different degrees of partial meltingof the same source mantle (20% and 10% for wet and dry basaltmagmas, respectively). Assuming that the wet basalts containgreater abundances of slab-derived components than their drycounterparts, geochemical comparison of these two basalt typespermits the identification of the specific elements involvedin fluid transport from the subducting slab. Using an extensiveset of new geochemical data from Torishima, where the top ofthe downgoing slab is about 100 km deep, we find that Cs, Pb,and Sr are variably enriched in the low-Zr basalts, which cannotbe accounted for by fractional crystallization or by differencesin the degree of mantle melting. These elements are interpretedto be selectively concentrated in slab-derived metasomatic fluids.Variations in K, high field strength element and rare earthelement concentrations are readily explained by variations inthe degree of melting between the low- and high-Zr basalts;these elements are not contained in the slab-derived fluids.Rb and Ba exhibit variable behaviour in the low-Zr basalts,ranging from immobile, similar to K, to mildly enriched in somelow-Zr basalts. We suggest that the K-rich mica, phengite, playsan important role in determining the composition of fluids releasedfrom the downgoing slab. In arc-front settings, where slab depthis 100 km, phengite is stable, and the fluids released fromthe slab contain little K. In back-arc settings, however, wherethe slab is at 100–140 km depth, phengite is unstable,and K-rich fluids are released. We conclude that cross-arc variationsin the K content of arc basalts are probably related to differingcompositions of released fluids or melts rather than the widelyheld view that such variations are controlled by the degreeof partial melting. KEY WORDS: arc volcano; degrees of melting; mantle wedge; water; wet and dry basalts     

Contact Partial Melting of Granitic Country Rock, Melt Segregation, and Re-injection as Dikes into Ferrar Dolerite Sills, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Numerous, interconnected, granitic dikes (<30 cm in widthand hundeds of meters in length) cut Ferrar dolerite sills ofthe McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The source of the graniticdikes is partial melting of granitic country rock, which tookplace in the crust at a depth of about 2–3 km adjacentto contacts with dolerite sills. Sustained flow of doleriticmagma through the sill generated a partial melting front thatpropagated into the granitic country rock. Granitic partialmelts segregated and collected at the contact in a melt-rich,nearly crystal-free reservoir adjacent to the initial doleritechilled margin. This dolerite chilled margin was subsequentlyfractured open in the fashion of a trapdoor by the graniticmelt, evacuating the reservoir to form an extensive complexof granitic dikes within the dolerite sills. At the time ofdike injection the dolerite was nearly solidified. Unusuallycomplete exposures allow the full physical and chemical processesof partial melting, segregation, and dike formation to be examinedin great detail. The compositions of the granitic dikes andthe textures of partially melted granitic wall rock suggestthat partial melting was characterized by disequilibrium mineraldissolution of dominantly quartz and alkali feldspar ratherthan by equilibrium melting. It is also unlikely that meltingoccurred under water-saturated conditions. The protolith granitecontains only 7 vol.% biotite and estimated contact temperaturesof 900–950°C suggest that melting was possible ina dry system. Granite partial melting, under closed conditions,extended tens of meters away from the dolerite sill, yet meltsegregation occurred only over less than one-half a meter fromthe dolerite chilled margin where the degree of partial meltingwas of the order of 50 vol.%. This segregation distance is consistentwith calculated length scales expected in a compaction-drivenprocess. We suggest that the driving force for compaction wasdifferential stress generated by a combination of volume expansionas a result of granite partial melting, contraction during doleritesolidification, and relaxation of the overpressure driving doleriteemplacement. On a purely chemical basis, the extent of meltsegregation necessary under fractional and batch melting tomatch the Rb concentrations between melt and parent rock isa maximum of 48 and 83 vol.% melt, respectively. KEY WORDS: Antarctica; dike injection; disequilibrium; granite partial melting; silicic melt segregation     

Geochronology,Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of the Late Jurassic I-type Granites in the North Qinling Orogenic Belt,Central China

The North Qinling Orogenic Belt(NQOB) is a composite orogenic belt in central China. It started evolving during the Meso–Neoproterozoic period and underwent multiple stages of plate subduction and collision before entering intra-continental orogeny in the Late Triassic. The Meso–Cenozoic intra-continental orogeny and tectonic evolution had different responses in various terranes of the belt, with the tectonic evolution of the middle part of the belt being particularly controversial. The granites...     

地球早期大陆地壳的形成与演化

现代地球岩石圈主要由镁铁质上地幔和长英质地壳两个储集层组成,研究大陆地壳的形成和演化对揭示地球早期地质过程和物质循环、厘定板块构造启动时限具有重要意义。冥古宙—始太古代具有更高的地幔潜能温度和地温梯度,岩浆海冷却形成薄的原始地壳;大洋岩石圈表现为韧性,主要构造机制应为停滞盖层模式,有地幔柱参与。太古宙片麻岩中奥长花岗岩—英云闪长岩—花岗闪长岩(TTG)的出现标志着镁铁质原始地壳向长英质陆壳转变的开始。本文总结了地球早期停滞盖层模式到现代板块构造模式下含水玄武岩部分熔融、结晶分异形成大陆地壳的过程,主要包含幔源岩浆停滞盖层(“自下而上”的热管火山岩和“自上而下”的深成侵入岩构造模式)、增厚镁铁质地壳部分熔融、俯冲洋壳、岛弧及洋底高原部分熔融模式;陆壳的破坏和消减主要受陨石撞击、分层沉降、重力不稳导致拆沉控制;板块构造的出现进一步促进了地球内部的热量扩散,俯冲作用加快了洋壳和陆壳之间的物质循环。最后,结合太古宙变质岩、古老克拉通岩石学特征和锆石Hf、O及全岩Nd、Sr、Ar、Ti同位素组成,讨论了陆壳的形成时间和演化过程：3.0 Ga之前形成了现有陆壳体积的60%～70%,厚度约为20～4...     

东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑地区晚三叠世花岗闪长斑岩年代学、岩石地球化学及Hf同位素特征

本文对东昆仑拉陵高里河沟脑花岗闪长斑岩开展详细的全岩地球化学、LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素研究,确定其形成时代,并探讨其岩石成因及成岩构造背景。结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年龄为231. 1±1. 2 Ma,指示其侵位于晚三叠世早期。全岩K2O/Na2O值为0. 69～0. 71,Mg#值为40. 5～41. 6,里特曼指数σ为1. 90～2. 09,A/CNK=1. 01～1. 03,属弱过铝质中—高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石的轻重稀土元素分异明显,(La/Yb)N值为19. 54～25. 52,具弱负Eu异常（δEu为0. 96～0. 97）,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等,具有高的Sr含量(606. 0×10-6～647. 9×10-6)和Sr/Y值(60. 38～62. 99),较低的Y(9. 62×10-6～10. 66×10-6)和Yb(0. 86-6～0. 92×10-6)含量,显示Adakite（高锶低钇中酸性岩）的地球化学特征。锆石Hf同位素εHf(t)值介于-6. 93~-2. 94,地壳模式年龄（TDM2）范围为1. 45~1. 70 Ga。综合分析表明,拉陵高里河沟脑花岗闪长斑岩形成于东昆仑洋壳俯冲末期至局部碰撞的转换阶段,岩浆源于高压条件下的加厚下地壳部分熔融。     

地球早期大陆地壳的形成与演化

现代地球岩石圈主要由镁铁质上地幔和长英质地壳两个储集层组成,研究大陆地壳的形成和演化对揭示地球早期地质过程和物质循环、厘定板块构造启动时限具有重要意义。冥古宙—始太古代具有更高的地幔潜能温度和地温梯度,岩浆海冷却形成薄的原始地壳;大洋岩石圈表现为韧性,主要构造机制应为停滞盖层模式,有地幔柱参与。太古宙片麻岩中奥长花岗岩—英云闪长岩—花岗闪长岩（TTG）的出现标志着镁铁质原始地壳向长英质陆壳转变的开始。本文总结了地球早期停滞盖层模式到现代板块构造模式下含水玄武岩部分熔融、结晶分异形成大陆地壳的过程,主要包含幔源岩浆停滞盖层（“自下而上”的热管火山岩和“自上而下”的深成侵入岩构造模式）、增厚镁铁质地壳部分熔融、俯冲洋壳、岛弧及洋底高原部分熔融模式;陆壳的破坏和消减主要受陨石撞击、分层沉降、重力不稳导致拆沉控制;板块构造的出现进一步促进了地球内部的热量扩散,俯冲作用加快了洋壳和陆壳之间的物质循环。最后,结合太古宙变质岩、古老克拉通岩石学特征和锆石Hf、O及全岩Nd、Sr、Ar、Ti同位素组成,讨论了陆壳的形成时间和演化过程： 3.0 Ga之前形成了现有陆壳体积的60%~70%,厚度约为20~40 km;3.0~2.5 Ga,地壳改造速率明显增加,陆壳生长和破坏速率达到动态平衡,表明全球性现代板块构造体制逐渐成为控制大陆形成、裂解和陆壳演化的主要因素。     

Source constraints for the young basaltic rocks from the northernmost end of Cappadocian region,Turkey: Melting evidence from peridotite and pyroxenite source domains

Widespread magmatic activity developed in the Middle Miocene in the Cappadocian Region of Central Anatolia in Turkey. Despite several previous studies that focus on the geochemical features of the magmatic rocks, the source components and development of melting conditions are still a matter of debate.Recent basaltic rocks from Karaburna and Gül?ehir (1228 and 96 Ka, respectively, Dogan, 2011) are considered as a part of the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, situated at the northernmost end of the Cappadocian Region. These lavas have similar large ion lithophile (LIL) (except Rb) and high field strength (HFS) element abundances, however, Karaburna samples are more enriched in HFS elements, and both of the rocks suites reflect HFS depletions relative to the OIB signature.Karaburna and Gül?ehir basalts have low Nb/La (0.45–0.5; 0.35–0.5), Nb/Th (2.75–4.61; 1.26–2.85) values, respectively, suggesting contributions from crustal sources, whereas Zr/Ba ratios of these samples range between 0.32–0.93 and 0.4–0.88 and imply that these rocks appear to be derived from asthenospheric sources. These incompatible element ratios can be attributed to either different geochemical processes, or are related to melting from different source component(s).The ambient mantle source of the Cappadocian region appears to be consistent with spinel peridotite, but this domain is not solely satisfactory to represent the melting conditions in the light of new elemental data. Values of Tb/Yb(N) and Zn/Fe provide new constraints suggesting the magmas were generated from the asthenosphere. Tb/Yb(N) ratio separates garnet – spinel transition Tb/Yb_(N) (>1.8) and Zn/Fe ratio displays separation between the peridotite-derived (Zn/Fe <12) and pyroxenite-derived (13?20) melts.A melting model based on REE ratios and Zn/Fe, Co/Fe, Tb/Yb(N) values indicates that basaltic rocks were not derived from a single source component (peridotite). Instead, those values suggest substantial melting contributions from a pyroxenite source domain, which has not been discussed as a source component in previous studies. Melts, from both of the source domains, with the result of asthenospheric upwelling linked to the downgoing Aegean and Cyprean slabs, are distinct from the alkaline character frequently observed as the final products of recent volcanic activity in the Cappadocian region and also explains the different trace element variations observed in such a small scale.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定硼硅酸盐玻璃中的硼等常见元素

硼硅酸盐玻璃中的硼、钙、镁、铝、铁、钛、硅等常见元素普遍采用各元素分别测定的方式进行分析,分析效率很低;而且硼的测定普遍采用容量法,当B2O3含量低于1%时,容量法测定误差较大。本文以KOH熔融的方式消解样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)进行分析。通过实验研究了KOH用量和不同称样量对B2O3测定结果的影响。结果表明,KOH用量在3 g以上时有较好的熔样效率和熔样效果,称样量低于0.4 g对B2O3测定结果无明显影响,考虑到其他元素的测定,确定了KOH用量优选3 g,称样量优选0.1 g。在此条件下,测定B2O3等常见元素的精密度(RSD,n=6)≤2%,加标回收率在96.0%~105.6%之间,除Si O2测定误差较大外,其他元素的测定结果均令人满意。本方法确定的B2O3的定量限为0.067%,且对于B2O3最高含量达到16%的测定结果也令人满意,因此可测定B2O3含量的范围至少为0.067%~16%。当样品中的B2O3含量高于4%时,方法准确度和精密度与国家标准分析方法(容量法)相当;当B2O3含量低于1%时,方法准确度和精密度都优于容量法。与现有报道相比,本方法显著拓宽了B2O3的测定范围,并具有良好的准确度,而且在B2O3准确测定的同时,也实现了Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、Ti的定量分析和Si的半定量分析,大大提高了分析效率,可以实现硼硅酸盐玻璃中B2O3等常见元素的准确快速分析。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱元素微区分析标准物质研究进展

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)是目前地球科学分析领域的重要技术手段,元素微区分析标准物质研制是该分析技术发展的重要方向。本文对当前LA-ICP-MS元素微区分析标准物质的种类、元素分布以及应用上的优缺点和标准物质的制备方法进行了评述。现有的有证标准物质数量不多、种类不齐全,部分元素浓度较低,定值不确定度较大,应用上受到较大的局限性;研制标准也不成熟,均匀性检验方面尚未有统一的方法。本文参照岩石粉末标准物质均匀性检验方法提出了两步均匀性检验法,同时指出在标准物质种类方面,铂族元素及Au元素浓度适当、Pb-S等不同硫化物基体标准物质,以及化学成分不同的碳酸岩和磷酸岩基体标准物质是当前的迫切需求;在标准物质研制技术方面,纳米岩石粉末压片技术的研发、原位微区分析标准物质(固体)均匀性检验判别标准研究是亟待解决的问题。     

有关埃达克岩实验应用中几个问题的探讨

实验研究非常重要,是花岗岩(和埃达克岩)理论创新的源泉之一。近年来,国内在埃达克岩实验研究方面取得了很大的成绩。在这个领域,中国在国际上是处于领先水平的,虽然得到的认识并不相同,这是很正常的。本文讨论了与埃达克岩有关的一些实验研究问题,认为:1下地壳底部是缺水的,花岗岩是在缺水条件下部分熔融的,应当慎重对待在饱和水和有水加入情况下的实验结果。2要注意残留相组分中是否有斜长石出现,不能只关注石榴石,石榴石与斜长石配合起来才能得出正确的认识。3 1.0 GPa压力下石榴石出现线的真实含义是什么?它只表明与之平衡的熔体是贫Yb的。但是,贫Yb的花岗岩不只是埃达克岩,喜马拉雅型花岗岩也贫Yb,因此,还需要考虑斜长石消失的情况,如果石榴石出现而斜长石消失了,熔体是埃达克岩;如果石榴石出现而斜长石没有消失,则熔体为喜马拉雅型花岗岩。由于国外没有喜马拉雅型花岗岩的概念,因此,对国外某些在1 GPa条件下得到的实验资料应当仔细鉴别,也许其中有一些熔体并非埃达克岩,而是喜马拉雅型花岗岩。4相变反应不同于部分熔融反应,不能把相变反应的结果解释为部分熔融的结果。相变反应是在温度压力增加的情况下发生的,不是产生花岗岩的主要方式;部分熔融反应主要是在温度增加压力不变的条件下发生的,是产生花岗岩的主要方式。5实验研究得出的一个重要的结论是:与榴辉岩平衡的熔体是埃达克岩,因此,埃达克岩的真谛可能就是非常简单的一句话:源区有石榴石无斜长石。只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是高Sr低Yb的;只要符合这个标志,与其平衡的熔体必然是在较高的压力下形成的。高压可能就是埃达克岩最重要的构造意义。