甘肃黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体的地质特征及橄榄石成因探讨

黑山铜镍硫化物含矿岩体位于中亚造山带南缘北山褶皱带东部,对该岩体的研究有助于正确理解造山带型铜镍硫化物的成矿作用。详细的野外基础地质特征表明黑山矿区仅出露单一的新元古代青白口系地层,无寒武纪地层出露。黑山含矿岩体由早期的方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉长苏长岩,以及稍晚期的辉长岩脉组成。黑山岩体位于黑山背斜南翼,其初始产状应为一水平或近水平的岩床状岩体,因后期褶皱作用,岩体发生了倾斜形成现今的产状。黑山岩体中橄榄石Fo值为80.5~87.0,其Ni含量为1070×10^-6~3461×10^-6。借助"MELTS"软件,我们进一步厘定了黑山母岩浆为高镁玄武岩浆 (12.81% MgO, 10.84% FeO, 430×10^-6 Ni)。研究表明,黑山橄榄石的主要控制因素为:1)母岩浆的成分;2)后续新鲜岩浆的补充混合作用;3)硫化物熔离作用;4)晶间硅酸盐熔浆作用;5)橄榄石与硫化物之间发生的Fe-Ni交换。模拟计算表明,硫化物熔离与橄榄石结晶几乎同时发生,橄榄石与硫化物的最小质量比约为20:1。1号矿体及矿化体的橄榄石比4号矿体更富Mg和Ni,并且还呈现非常好的负相关关系,表明这些橄榄石与硫化物发生了不同程度的Fe-Ni交换,而与其发生Fe-Ni交换的硫化物更富Ni以及共生的岩浆更为原始。这很可能是因为黑山岩体形成于开放的岩浆通道系统,早期融离的硫化物与后续的新鲜的硫不饱和岩浆发生反应,使得该类硫化物含量减少但硫化物中的金属元素含量增高从而形成1号矿体及矿化体。     

Average variograms to guide soil sampling

To manage land in a site-specific way for agriculture requires detailed maps of the variation in the soil properties of interest. To predict accurately for mapping, the interval at which the soil is sampled should relate to the scale of spatial variation. A variogram can be used to guide sampling in two ways. A sampling interval of less than half the range of spatial dependence can be used, or the variogram can be used with the kriging equations to determine an optimal sampling interval to achieve a given tolerable error. A variogram might not be available for the site, but if the variograms of several soil properties were available on a similar parent material and or particular topographic positions an average variogram could be calculated from these. Averages of the variogram ranges and standardized average variograms from four different parent materials in southern England were used to suggest suitable sampling intervals for future surveys in similar pedological settings based on half the variogram range. The standardized average variograms were also used to determine optimal sampling intervals using the kriging equations. Similar sampling intervals were suggested by each method and the maps of predictions based on data at different grid spacings were evaluated for the different parent materials. Variograms of loss on ignition (LOI) taken from the literature for other sites in southern England with similar parent materials had ranges close to the average for a given parent material showing the possible wider application of such averages to guide sampling.     

中国东北地区红色精灵的母体雷暴分析

红色精灵是发生在雷暴云上空的一种瞬态发光事件（Transient Luminous Events,TLEs）,它们由地闪回击或与连续电流共同作用产生,这表明了对流层和低电离层之间的直接耦合关系。中国大陆的红色精灵观测研究主要在华北地区开展,为了进一步研究中国中高纬度地区的红色精灵现象,并揭示其与母体雷暴之间的相关性,故2017年夏季在吉林辽源开展了观测实验。本文介绍了利用低光度相机在东北地区捕捉到的26例红色精灵事件,并结合闪电定位、天气雷达等同步观测数据,对红色精灵及其母体雷暴特征进行了分析。结果表明,在26例红色精灵事件中,有17次（约2/3）产生于一次尺度较大的中尺度对流系统（Mesoscale Convective System,MCS）,其余（约1/3）的红色精灵事件分别由三次尺度相对较小的中尺度对流系统诱发产生。红色精灵母体闪电均位于对流核心边缘区域,中尺度对流系统对流区后无大面积层状云降水区。此外,吉林辽源及安徽合肥同步记录的电磁场脉冲信号表明上述红色精灵事件均由正地闪回击产生。     

Challenges of identifying putative planetary-origin meteorites of non-igneous material

This paper summarizes the challenges of identifying planetary-origin meteorites of non-igneous composition-particularly those of sedimentary origin.Evidence for putative sedimentary-origin(sedtype)meteorites and their potential parent bodies is reviewed,suggesting that the list of candidate parent bodies for sed-type meteorites includes,but is not limited to,Mars,Enceladus,Ganymede,Europa,Ceres,Vesta,and other hypothetical planets that existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the past.The extraterrestrial origin and probable parent body for sed-type meteorites should be assessed based on multiple lines of evidence,and not solely limited to tests of oxygen and noble gas isotopes,whose signatures may undergo terrestrial contamination and which may exhibit significant heterogeneity within both the Solar System and parent cosmic bodies.The observed fall of a cosmic body,evidence of hypervelocity fall,signs of impact,presence of fusion crust,melting,and/or shock deformation features in impactor fragments should be considered as priority signs of meteoritic origin.     

基于地质建造的土壤地质调查及应用前景分析——以大凉山区西昌市为例

为探索适合中—高山区的土壤地质调查方法,选择兼具高寒山区、干热峡谷和中山宽谷盆地等不同地貌单元,以及沉积建造、岩浆建造和变质建造等不同地质建造类型的大凉山区西昌市进行试点研究。本次工作基于地质建造,将西昌市成土母质划分为7大类14个类,土壤地质单元分为31个类,并探讨了他们的互馈机制。研究认为,地质建造是土壤的物质基础,大体控制了土壤的平面分带,而海拔等地理因素则控制土壤的垂向分带。本项研究可为地方政府的规划布局提供数据支持和科学依据,也为高山区的土壤地质调查和生态地质调查提供了思路与范例。     

Acapulcoite-lodranite meteorites: Ultramafic asteroidal partial melt residues

Acapulcoites (most ancient Hf-W ages are 4,563.1?±?0.8 Ma), lodranites (most ancient Hf-W ages are 4,562.6?±?0.9 Ma) and rocks transitional between them are ancient residues of different degrees of partial melting of a chondritic source lithology (e.g., as indicated by the occurrence of relict chondrules in 9 acapulcoites), although the precise chondrite type is unknown. Acapulcoites are relatively fine- grained (～150–230?μm) rocks with equigranular, achondritic textures and consist of olivine, orthopyroxene, Ca-rich clinopyroxene, plagioclase, metallic Fe,Ni, troilite, chromite and phosphates. Lodranites are coarser grained (540–700?μm), with similar equigranular, recrystallized textures, mineral compositions and contents, although some are significantly depleted in eutectic Fe,Ni-FeS and plagioclase- clinopyroxene partial melts. The acapulcoite-lodranite clan is most readily distinguished from other groups of primitive achondrites (e.g., winoanites/IAB irons) by oxygen isotopic compositions, although more than 50% of meteorites classified as acapulcoites currently lack supporting oxygen isotopic data. The heat source for melting of acapulcoites-lodranites was internal to the parent body, most likely ²⁶Al, although some authors suggest it was shock melting. Acapulcoites experienced lower temperatures of ～980–1170?°C and lower degrees of partial melting (～1–4?vol.%) and lodranites higher temperatures of ～1150–1200?°C and higher degrees (～5?≥?10?vol.%) of partial melting. Hand-specimen and thin section observations indicate movement of Fe,Ni-FeS, basaltic, and phosphate melts in veins over micrometer to centimeter distances. Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic properties, Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) ages which cluster around 4–6 Ma and the occurrence of some meteorites consisting of both acapulcoite and lodranite material, indicate that these meteorites come from one parent body and were most likely ejected in one impact event. Whereas the precise parent asteroid of these meteorites is unknown, there is general agreement that it was an S-type object. There is nearly total agreement that the acapulcoite-lodranite parent body was <～100?km in radius and, based on the precise Pb–Pb age for Acapulco of 4555.9?±?0.6 Ma, combined with the Hf/W and U/Pb records and cooling rates deduced from mineralogical and other investigations, that the parent body was fragmented during its cooling which the U/Pb system dates at precisely 4556?±?1 Ma. Hf-W chronometry suggests that the parent body of the acapulcoites-lodranites and, in fact, the parent bodies of all “primitive achondrites” accreted slightly later than those of the differentiated achondrites and, thus, had lower contents of ²⁶Al, the heat producing radionuclide largely responsible for heating of both primitive and differentiated achondrites. Thus, the acapulcoite-lodranite parent body never experienced the high degrees of melting responsible for the formation of the differentiated meteorites, but arrested its melting history at relatively low degrees of ～15?vol.%.     

Multi-technique investigation reveals new mineral, chemical, and textural heterogeneity in the Tagish Lake C2 chondrite

The Tagish Lake meteorite, an ungrouped C2 chondrite that is related to CI and CM chondrites, is a heterogeneous accretionary breccia with several distinct lithologies that, in bulk, are thought to represent the first known sample of a primitive carbonaceous D-type asteroid. Textural and chemical zoning of clasts and matrix have been little studied and promise additional insight into early solar system processes in both the solar nebula and on the Tagish Lake parent asteroid. We have examined an intact 2.9 g fragment and two polished thin sections from the spring 2000 (non-pristine) Tagish Lake collection to ascertain the major mineralogy and textures of notable features such as chondrules, amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs), inclusions, clasts, matrix, and fusion crust. We designed three stages of analysis for this friable meteorite: an initial, non-destructive in situ reconnaissance by μXRD to document meteorite mineralogy and textures and to identify features of interest, followed by spatially correlated μXRD, SEM-EDX and colour SEM-CL analysis of polished thin sections to fully understand mineralogy and the record of texture development, and finally higher resolution SEM-BSE mapping to document smaller scale relationships.Our analyses reveal several previously unreported or poorly characterized features: (1) distinctive colour cathodoluminescence (CL) zoning in relict CAI spinel, in chondrule and AOA forsterite, and in calcite nodules occurring throughout the Tagish Lake matrix. Forsterite frequently shows CL colour and intensity zonation that does not correspond with major or minor element differences resolvable with EPMA, indicating a trace element and/or structural CL-activation mechanism for the zonation that is likely of secondary origin; (2) an irregular inclusion dominated by magnesioaluminate spinel, dolomite, and phyllosilicates with traces of a Ca, Ti oxide phase (likely perovskite) interpreted to be a relict CAI; (3) variable preservation of mesostasis glass in porphyritic olivine chondrules. We anticipate that our multi-technique methodology, particularly non-destructive μXRD, can be successfully applied to other rare and friable materials such as the pristine Tagish Lake fragments.     

The thermal history of the Acapulco meteorite and its parent body deduced from U/Pb systematics in mineral separates and bulk rock fragments

U/Pb systematics of the Acapulco meteorite have been determined on phosphate and feldspar separates and on grain size fractions of bulk material. The latter show an enrichment of U and Th with respect to CI chondrites and a low (∼1) Th/U ratio. This is consistent with the model that the majority of U and Th was added early by a low temperature melt to the Acapulco precursor. The feldspar exhibits a Pb isotope composition that is close to the primordial Pb composition. Mineral separates and bulk fractions define a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb isochron. The age corresponds to 4555.9 ± 0.6 Ma. This age anchors the thermal evolution of the Acapulco parent body into an absolute time scale. Evaluation of the Hf/W and U/Pb records with the cooling rates deduced from mineralogical investigations confirms the idea that the Acapulco parent body was fragmented during its cooling. The U/Pb system precisely dates this break-up at 4556 ± 1 Ma.     

越冬亲虾及其环境的细菌学研究

通过对亲虾越冬系统的外蓄水池、预热池水、虾池水、亲虾用饵料、虾体及其病患作细菌分析,发现从外蓄水至虾体这五个环节存有细菌等微生物富集过程。稳定的环境、过多的营养、残饵、污物、病虾等是亲虾池细菌富集的要因;不健康亲虾富集并扩散病原微生物。对虾病病因、种类、亲虾成活率等的分析,发现至少31％的疾病与细菌等微生物有关。亲虾成活率与环境微生物一些参数,如几丁质降解菌含量、C/H％和V/H％间有很好的负相关。结果表明,监测亲虾越冬期各类细菌消涨势态,防治病害等是提高亲虾质量数量乃至育苗成功不可少的工作。