Characterisation of recharge processes and groundwater flow mechanisms in weathered-fractured granites of Hyderabad (India) using isotopes

In order to address the problem of realistic assessment of groundwater potential and its sustainability, it is vital to study the recharge processes and mechanism of groundwater flow in fractured hard rocks, where inhomogeneties and discontinuities have a dominant role to play. Wide variations in chloride, δ¹⁸O and ¹⁴C concentrations of the studied groundwaters observed in space and time could only reflect the heterogeneous hydrogeological setting in the fractured granites of Hyderabad (India). This paper, based on the observed isotopic and environmental chloride variations of the groundwater system, puts forth two broad types of groundwaters involving various recharge processes and flow mechanisms in the studied granitic hard rock aquifers. Relatively high ¹⁴C ages (1300 to ～6000 yr B.P.), δ¹⁸O content (?3.2 to ?1.5‰) and chloride concentration (<100 mg/l) are the signatures that identified one broad set of groundwaters resulting from recharge through weathered zone and subsequent movement through extensive sheet joints. The second set of groundwaters possessed an age range Modern to ～1000 yr B.P., chloride in the range 100 to ～350 mg/l and δ¹⁸O from ?3.2 to +1.7‰. The δ¹⁸O enrichment and chloride concentration, further helped in the segregation of the second set of groundwaters into three sub-sets characterized by different recharge processes and sources. Based on these processes and mechanisms, a conceptual hydrogeologic model has evolved suggesting that the fracture network is connected either to a distant recharge source or to a surface reservoir (evaporating water bodies) apart from overlying weathered zone, explaining various resultant groundwaters having varying ¹⁴C ages, chloride and δ¹⁸O concentrations. The surface reservoir contribution to groundwater is evaluated to be significant (40 to 70%) in one subset of groundwaters. The conceptual hydrogeologic model, thus evolved, can aid in understanding the mechanism of groundwater flow as well as migration of contaminants to deep groundwater in other fractured granitic areas.     

新疆阿舍勒盆地泥盆纪火成岩与构造-岩浆演化

阿舍勒泥盆纪火山盆地是阿尔泰西南缘重要的矿集区,产出我国著名的火山成因块状硫化物型(VMS)矿床——阿舍勒铜矿.其内部发育的火山岩和侵入岩地球化学特征记录了阿舍勒盆地的构造岩浆演化和成岩、成矿作用过程,但其形成构造背景和成岩成矿机制一直存在争论.本文报道了阿舍勒矿集区萨尔朔克铜金多金属矿区深部英云闪长岩的LA-MC-I...     

Comparative analysis of coatings on granitic substrates from urban and natural settings (NW Spain)

Rock coatings are frequent on natural rock outcrops and even more on stone surfaces of historical buildings and monuments. They are interesting as some of them have a protective effect against erosion. In the last 30 years, research on rock coatings has been performed separately on either buildings or natural outcrops. This paper studies and compares thin coatings found on granitic rock surfaces of historical buildings with coatings found on natural granite outcrops in a same climatic area (NW Spain) by analysing their surface and cross-sections. As rock surfaces of buildings have known age they can be used to assess rates of weathering and coating growth. This is the first comparative study of formation of coatings on natural and built surfaces in the same region. Both endogenous (rock characteristics) and exogenous factors (climatic conditions, air pollution) that could affect the coatings formation are considered to assess the origin and formation of coatings. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses of the underlying rocks, XRD analyses of the coatings and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of surface and cross-sections of the coatings, performing Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray maps, were carried out to establish their composition. Fieldwork and results indicate that natural outcrops are widely covered by biological coatings or coatings formed due to rock weathering, while coatings found on rock ashlars are highly variable with air pollution, other building materials, organic droppings and micro-environmental factors contributing to coatings on rock ashlars in a more significant way than substrate characteristics and exposure time.     

Hydrogeological conditions for the forming and quality of mineral waters in Serbia

In the past researches conducted on the territory of Serbia, 5 regional geotectonic units have been distinguished with registered occurrences of 230 mineral springs. Recent analyses of the bottled mineral waters quality have not included systematic examinations of micro-components present in these waters. Based on the analyses of the bottled mineral waters (EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group), it has been observed that the water quality is greatly influenced by the chemical composition of igneous intrusions, regardless of the fact that the analyzed waters have been taken from different aquifers (Neogene sediments, limestone, flysch, schist).     

海南屯昌早白垩世晚期埃达克质侵入岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学与岩石成因

海南岛屯昌地区侵入岩由花岗闪长岩、花岗岩及少量辉绿-闪长玢岩（脉）、镁铁质包体组成。本文报道了这些侵入岩的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb 定年结果和地球化学组成, 定年结果显示岩石形成于早白垩世晚期（~107 Ma）。地球化学特征显示, 花岗闪长岩和花岗岩具有高的SiO2、Al2O3 含量以及高的Sr 含量和Sr/Y 比值, 低的Y 和Yb 含量, Eu 异常不明显等, 属于埃达克质岩。屯昌埃达克质岩具有比较均一的Sr、Nd 同位素组成（ISr＝0.7082~ 0.7096, εNd（t）＝？6.55~ ？3.85）。镁铁质岩脉和包体则显示了稍低的ISr （0.7064~0.7086）和变化的εNd（t） （？5.10~ ＋0.13）。埃达克质岩的锆石原位Hf 同位素组成为： （176Hf/177Hf）i = 0.28257~0.28277, εHf（t）= ？4.86~ ＋2.09, 相应的两阶段模式年龄TDM2 变化于1.09 Ga 和1.54 Ga 之间。闪长玢岩脉的（176Hf/177Hf）i = 0.28257~0.28264, εHf（t） = ？4.94~ ？2.42, TDM2＝1.38~1.55 Ga, 类似于埃达克质岩。屯昌埃达克质岩很可能由新底侵的玄武质下地壳物质部分熔融所形成, 俯冲的古太平洋板块在早白垩世晚期（约107 Ma）的后撤作用所 导致的软流圈上涌为地壳熔融提供了热源。     

炭窑口矿区基性火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

为探讨炭窑口矿区变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义,对其产出特征、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等方面进行了综合分析研究。结果表明,其原岩为钾质细碧岩,属碱性火山岩,富集轻稀土和不相容元素,而亏损重稀土和相容元素(如Nb、Ta和Ti),具有与火山弧基性火山岩相似的地球化学特征。其稀土元素分配型式表明其成岩物质来源于地幔。通过构造环境分析,并结合区域地质资料,认为矿区变质基性火山岩的形成构造环境为大陆边缘火山弧造山带。     

北羌塘沙窝滩、洪玉泉地区新近纪火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

沙窝滩、洪玉泉地区火山岩产于北羌塘若拉岗日冲断带及其南侧,呈熔岩被产出。火山活动发生在新近纪,K-Ar及40Ar/39Ar年龄为2.5～8.76Ma,为晚中新世～晚上新世。岩石组合主要为粗面岩、粗安岩,少量安山质凝灰熔岩。岩石SiO2含量为58.34～68.05%,里特曼组合指数(σ)为2.85～3.72,赖特碱度率(AR)为2.21～2.97,Na2O+K2O含量为7.36～8.45%,K2O/Na2O值为1.1～1.51,为高钾碱性、钙碱性火山岩。大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Sr、Ba强富集,高场强元素Ta、Nb负异常明显,Th、La、Zr主要呈正异常,轻重稀土比值为17.54～34.16,属轻稀土富集型,无负Eu异常,或负Eu异常不明显,过渡族金属元素Cr、Ni含量低。上述特征表明,北羌塘沙窝滩、洪玉泉地区新近纪火山岩产于陆内造山后构造环境,火山岩岩浆主要来源于下地壳部分熔融。     

阿尔泰喀纳斯早泥盆纪钾质富镁英安岩:俯冲沉积物熔体交代

阿尔泰造山带喀纳斯地区出露一套钾质富镁英安岩,锆石U-Pb定年显示其形成于早泥盆世(411±4 Ma)。该套英安岩富SiO_2(64.71～67.77 wt%),MgO(3.28～3.53 wt%)和K_2O(2.12～2.75 wt%),贫Na_2O(1.70～1.85wt%),K_2O/Na_2O比值介于(1.20～1.53),具较高的Al_2O_3(14.12～15.33 wt%)和较低的CaO(1.12～1.28 wt%),ASI指数1.8,显示过铝质钙碱性岩浆系列特征,明显不同于初始的高镁安山质岩浆。样品具有中等的Cr(134×10~(-6)～153×10~(-6))、Co(17.47×10~(-6)～18.65×10~(-6))、Ni(71.64×10~(-6)～80.76×10~(-6))含量,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K和高场强元素U、Th、Pb及LREE,发育Sr、Ba及"TNT"(Ta、Nb、Ti)负异常,显示俯冲带岩浆岩地球化学特征。其高的Mg~#(51.71～52.47)和低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-4.6～-4.2)说明该套火山岩可能来自遭受强烈交代作用的地幔楔部分熔融。样品具有较高的Ba/La、Pb/La比值和较低的Th/Yb、Nb/Y比值,显示地幔交代作用以俯冲沉积物熔体的交代作用为主。以上地球化学特征说明,喀纳斯钾质富镁英安岩可能主要是受俯冲沉积物熔体交代的上覆地幔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,阿尔泰泥盆纪处于俯冲作用相关的活动大陆边缘构造环境。此外,该套火山岩的形成时代制约了其下覆的哈巴河群沉积上限,显示哈巴河群沉积于早泥盆世之前。     

东昆仑石榴石闪长玢岩的形成机制及其对埃达克岩成因的制约

本文报道在东昆仑地区发现的一种较为稀少的含石榴石英云闪长玢岩,这也是此类岩石在中国的首次发现。该次火山岩形成于晚三叠纪,主要由富钙(CaO5 wt%)、贫锰(MnO3 wt%)的石榴石,富铝的角闪石(15.9 wt%),中性斜长石和石英等斑晶以及基质物质组成。岩石含有中等的SiO_2(61.1～62.2wt%),低的MgO(2.0 wt%),K_2O(1.3 wt%)以及较高的Al_2O_3(17 wt%)含量,呈现出次铝质至轻微过铝质的特征(ACNK=0.89～1.05)。在微量元素方面,该岩石富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,同时亏损Nb-Ta-Ti,显示出典型的消减带特征。而异常低的重稀土(Yb0.8×10~(-6))和相对高的Sr/Y比值(约38)表明石榴石是一个残留相,而较高的Al_2O_3含量,大多为正的铕异常反映了斜长石因结晶受到抑制而在岩浆演化晚期的聚集,同时表明岩浆具有较高的水含量。Nd-Sr同位素组成(ε_(Nd)(t)=-2.33～-1.38;~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.706 5～0.706 7)和斜长石的反向分带显示,壳幔间岩浆混合作用在岩体的形成过程中扮演了重要角色。石榴石斑晶和其中的钛铁矿包体均含有较低的MgO,且包裹石榴石的角闪石形成于较高的压力(8～10 kb)条件下,显示这些矿物结晶自一个长英质岩浆中,且很可能形成于壳幔过渡带附近。尽管该岩石在富铝、低重稀土、高Sr/Y等很多方面均类似于埃达克岩石,但其中等含量的Sr(260×10~(-6))和La/Yb比值(16～21)却明显低于典型的埃达克岩和太古代的TTG。结合石榴石斑晶中广泛存在的磷灰石包体以及其较高的Sr和轻稀土分配系数,本文提出在岩浆演化早期结晶的磷灰石有效地降低了残余熔体中的Sr和轻稀土。这进一步表明,即使在高水逸度的条件下,磷灰石在岩浆早期的大量结晶可以有效地阻止一些弧岩浆演化成为埃达克质岩石。     

新疆谢米斯台地区中段火山岩岩石学、地球化学及其含矿性研究

新疆西准噶尔谢米斯台山地区位于西伯利亚板块与准噶尔板块之间的古生代萨吾尔—阿尔曼太复合岛弧内。该地区的火山岩以安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩组合为主,有少量的粗面岩产出。在地球化学特征上,火山岩SiO_2含量变化范围较大(53.91～75.71 wt%),K_2O/Na_2O比值为0.45～1.89,Al_2O_3含量较高(10.81～17.94 wt%),铁含量低(1.20～7.26 wt%),TiO_2含量低(0.19～1.78 wt%),大离子亲石元素及轻稀土元素富集,微量元素具岛弧火山岩特征;地球化学的特征以及在该地区发现的大量铜矿化,预示着该地区将是一个有利的成矿远景区。