Detrital composition of Ordovician sandstones from the Rügen boreholes: implications for the evolution of the Tornquist Ocean

The Lower Palaeozoic sequences of the Rügen boreholes are composed of pelitic-clastic sediments which range in age from the Cambro-Ordovician boundary to the Late Ordovician. Provenance studies have been carried out on Cambro-Ordovician sandstones from the Loissin borehole and on Middle-Upper Ordovician greywackes of the Rugen 5 borehole.The Loissin sandstones were deposited as turbidites and debris flows in an unstable sedimentary basin. They form immature arkoses and subarkoses with high matrix contents. Their debris derived from a polycyclic, sedimentary cratonic provenance and from a monocyclic magmatic provenance. This is reflected in the heavy mineral spectrum, which is dominated by an anhedral, coloured zircon fraction and a euhedral, transparent zircon fraction.The Middle-Upper Ordovician Rügen greywackes derived from proximal, high energy turbidites which were transported into a deep marine basin. They form homogeneous lithic arkoses and arkosic litharenites. Their debris derived from a composite provenance with an ultramafic-mafic, ophiolitic source, an acidic magmatic source and a heterogeneous sedimentary cratonic source.Although the Loissin sandstones probably originated in an intracratonic, rift-related sedimentary basin, the debris of the Rugen greywackes is regarded as derived from a heterogeneous active continental margin. Results and interpretations of the provenance study are discussed in the light of proposed Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographic reconstructions.     

Comparison of taxon calibrations,modern analogue techniques,and forest-stand simulation models for the quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation

We compared results of three quantitative methods for reconstructing past vegetation, including (1) calibrations of per cent dominance vs. per cent pollen for individual tree taxa; (2) coefficients of dissimilarity between fossil and modern pollen assemblages; and (3) simulation modelling of long-term forest succession. For calibration, we used 1684 modern pollen samples and 1742 forest-inventory summaries from eastern North America. We applied the calibrations at 1 000-year intervals to the 19000-year pollen record from Anderson Pond, Tennessee. Dominance values reconstructed using taxon calibrations typically paralleled the changes in percentages of arboreal pollen. Dissimilarity values between fossil and modern pollen assemblages were lowest from 19 000 yr BP to 15 000 yr BP and from 9 000 yr BP to the present, indicating good modern analogues for both full-glacial and Holocene time periods. During times of good analogue, forest composition estimated from forest inventories at the locations of best pollen analogues was similar to that reconstructed using taxon calibrations. Relatively poor modern analogues exist for late glacial and early Holocene pollen spectra from Anderson Pond. During times of poor analogues, forest composition reconstructed from taxon calibrations differed from that derived from analogue methods. FORET-model simulations of forest-stand biomass differed markedly from palaeovegetation estimates made from the other two methods. This is primarily because the FORET model is scaled to forest succession on 1/12-ha forest plots rather than forest dynamics integrated over a broad landscape mosaic. Because they are based upon fundamental relationships of pollen production and dispersal, taxon calibrations provide the best available means for reconstructing forest history both during times of good and of poor analogues.     

一种改进的三维点集表面重建的区域生长算法

介绍了一种改进的三雏点集表面重建的区域生长算法。提出了一种基于三角形任意一边邻域拓扑关系的邻接三角形定位方法，充分利用了法向信息，采用由粗到精的提取策略，减少了候选表面三角形的数量，显著加快了表面重构的整体效率。提出了相应的局部拓扑一致性检测方法，确保了算法的稳健性，解决了传统算法的重叠面片和表面空洞等问题，并且重构的三角网格表面与被采样的物体表面拓扑差别最小。实验结果表明，本文算法可以重构具有任意拓扑的复杂表面。     

Carbon and oxygen isotope records and paleoclimate reconstruction (140–250 ka B.P.) from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave, Guilin, China

The time sequence of paleoclimatic changes from 245.2 to 147.9 ka B.P. has been established by high precision U-series dating by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry and the analysis of the oxygen isotopes from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave in Guilin. The oxygen isotope pattern is divided into three main intervals. The top part of the stalagmite (interval C) displays mainly relatively heavy oxygen isotopes, mostly −7 to −5‰_VPDB, but at a depth of 86.5 cm below the top, there is a sharp change to values lighter than −8 ‰. This boundary, dated at 192.6 ±3.9 ka B.P. is correlated with the boundary between marine oxygen isotope stages 6 and 7. The underlying interval B has δ¹⁸O values consistently between −7.5 and −8.5‰ until 271 cm depth when there is a sharp rise in δ¹⁸O values towards values as heavy as −5‰. The upper position of this change is dated at 242.5±6.4 ka B.P. and is correlated with the boundary between marine isotope stages 7 and 8. Carbon isotope values lie between −8.5 and −11‰ and are not uniquely high or low in the three intervals, but also show rapid changes at the boundaries between intervals in the same sense as the shifts in δ¹⁸O. The pronounced shifts in δ¹⁸O are attributed to changes in the paleo-monsoon intensity which reflect major reorganizations of the climate system, but some regional characteristics are also present. The results are also consistent with previous studies of climate proxies from loess-palaesol sequences in northern China. These characteristics show that paleo-climate evolution since the late stage of the middle Pleistocene Epoch in the Guilin area not only follows the global characteristics, but also has the strong district or regional patterns.     

Changes of PTSD Symptoms and School Reconstruction: A Two-year Prospective Study of Children and Adolescents after the Taiwan 921 Earthquake

Children and adolescents living in earthquake impacted areas may present various post-traumatic responses and adjustment along the post-traumatic reconstructive phases. Their surrounding environmental damage and reconstructive conditions may influence their adjustment as well. As part of a prospective and longitudinal research project aims to investigate the range and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children and adolescents residing near the epicenter after the Taiwan 921 Earthquake, this paper reports the changes of PTSD symptoms over a 2-year period. The study also examines the effects of school damage and reconstructive condition on PTSD symptoms. Earthquake Exposure Index for Youths and Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index were administered to 2,028 and 2,077 youths at the first and second year, respectively, from two heavily impacted townships. Given that location, gender, individual and dwelling trauma exposure dose effect were controlled through a balanced sampling procedure and prior statistical confirmation, post-traumatic phase and school damage condition yield significant main effects. Students from the heavily damaged schools consistently displayed significantly more PTSD symptoms, including re-experiencing/avoidance and numbness/maladaptive symptoms, than their counterparts at the first and second year. Decline of prevalence of PTSD symptoms was noted from the first year to the second. Accordingly, there may be a need to implement a broad disaster recovery project with periodic screenings as well as school-specific and school-based mental health program.     

The Necessity of a Multiple-Point Prior Model

Any interpolation, any hand contouring or digital drawing of a map or a numerical model necessarily calls for a prior model of the multiple-point statistics that link together the data to the unsampled nodes, then these unsampled nodes together. That prior model can be implicit, poorly defined as in hand contouring; it can be explicit through an algorithm as in digital mapping. The multiple-point statistics involved go well beyond single-point histogram and two-point covariance models; the challenge is to define algorithms that can control more of such statistics, particularly those that impact most the utilization of the resulting maps beyond their visual appearance. The newly introduced multiple-point simulation (mps) algorithms borrow the high order statistics from a visually and statistically explicit model, a training image. It is shown that mps can simulate realizations with high entropy character as well as traditional Gaussian-based algorithms, while offering the flexibility of considering alternative training images with various levels of low entropy (organized) structures. The impact on flow performance (spatial connectivity) of choosing a wrong training image among many sharing the same histogram and variogram is demonstrated.     

珠江三角洲软土地基变形的混沌特性研究

混沌是非线性系统较普遍存在的一种现象，本文以混沌理论为基础，对珠江三角洲软土地基的变形特性进行了研究。从软土的工程特性和微观结构出发，分析了软土地基变形混沌性的根本原因，并对软土变形混沌性进行了定性判别和基于Lyapunov指数的定量判别。研究结果表明，珠江三角洲地区的天然地基及处理后的复合地基的最大Lyapunov指数 均大于0，软土地基的变形具有明显的混沌性。混沌理论为软基变形研究提供了一种新的途径，在工程领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

初至波地震层析技术及其在四川复杂地区的应用

近地表速度场的重建是获得准确静校正量的关键。根据实际地震数据的初至波时间建立初始速度模型;采用改进的最短路径射线追踪算法进行正演;利用改进的约束带阻尼联合迭代重建技术(CDSIRT)求解大型、稀疏的方程组来反演近地表的速度场。理论模型和实际资料的反演结果表明,该方法能稳定、快速、准确地重建复杂地区的近地表速度场,建立准确的近地表速度场,从而可计算准确的静校正量,保证复杂地区的构造成像。     

西藏纳木错过去200年来的环境变化*

文章通过纳木错浅钻沉积硅藻研究,结合青藏高原湖泊现代硅藻-电导率转换函数,对过去200年来的湖水盐度(电导率)变化进行了定量重建。纳木错在小冰期冷期为淡水环境;小冰期结束后,湖水盐度开始增加;至20世纪60年代中期以来,盐度增加幅度更加明显。过去100年来湖水盐度的增加与钻孔粒度变化所揭示的入湖径流量的增多,反映了增温背景下湖泊水文的响应特点。温度的上升,一方面引起了流域冰雪融水补给量的增加,但另一方面,湖泊水量平衡明显偏负,说明小冰期结束以来,尤其是最近40年,冰融水的增加并不足以弥补湖泊水量的负平衡。由此提出蒸发量在湖泊水量平衡中起重要作用,温度是影响湖泊水文变化的关键因子。区域湖泊综合对比结果进一步表明,不同湖泊盐度和水文变化趋势一致,反映了封闭湖泊对区域气候变化的共同响应特点。     

论湿地脆弱性与生态恢复重建--以洞庭湖区为案例

洞庭湖区是长江中游流域最重要的以河湖系统为主的湿地分布区之一。由于人类长期垦殖活动，已成为中国重要的农业商品基地。洞庭湖区湿地生态系统受到自然因素和人为因素的影响，湖区湿地生态系统表现出脆弱性特征。在此基础上分析其主要脆弱性影响因子包括：地貌脆弱因子、气候脆弱因子、水文脆弱因子以及过度围湖造田、过度利用湖泊资源、超标污染物排放等。然后对湖区湿地生态系统的脆弱生态环境特征进行了分析，最后提出科学有效的生态恢复重建的措施。