东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅱ):早古生代微陆块亲缘性与聚合

原特提斯洋内存在塔里木、中祁连、柴达木、扬子、华夏、印支、兰坪-思茅等诸多陆块/微陆块,多数陆块之间在早古生代晚期发育有蛇绿岩带或高压-超高压带。原特提斯域形成于从Rodinia裂解到Pangea超大陆集结期间,存在复杂的洋-陆格局和聚散过程。原特提斯洋不同陆块/微陆块属性和关系及其拼合过程是恢复重建Pangea超大陆聚合前构造背景的关键,但对其认识迄今还存在争论。因此,本文采用综合对比方法,以期建立原特提斯洋陆块/微陆块的亲缘性和海-陆格局,厘定原特提斯微陆块拼合时序与方式。结果表明,早古生代早期除华北陆块不具有亲冈瓦纳大陆的特征外,扬子、华夏、塔里木、柴达木、阿拉善、北秦岭-中祁连-中阿尔金、欧龙布鲁克、北羌塘、南羌塘、拉萨、兰坪-思茅、印支等陆块/微陆块都具有亲冈瓦纳的特征。在450~400Ma左右这一系列陆块/微陆块都向南俯冲-增生,并逐步拼合于冈瓦纳大陆北缘东段,原特提斯洋关闭,并形成了原潘吉亚(Proto-Pangea)超大陆;原潘吉亚于380Ma以后裂离出塔里木-华北陆块和大华南陆块,分别出现勉略洋和古特提斯洋,直到240~220Ma逐步向北聚合,形成最终的劳亚古陆,此时才形成潘吉亚超大陆。     

Thermal pulse induced by emplacement of Ramba leucogranites in southern Tibet

The thermal histories of Himalayan leucogranites provide critical information for unravelling the post-collisional geodynamics of the Himalayas. The Ramba Dome is located at the intersection of the Tethyan Himalayan leucogranite belt with the Yadong–Gulu Rift and hosts several generations of granitic intrusions. Of these intrusions, the 8-Ma two-mica granites and garnet leucogranite dykes are the youngest of Himalayan leucogranites. In this study, we focus on the carbonaceous staurolite schist located ~1.3 km from the intrusion to constrain the thermal history of the aureole that marked the cessation of leucogranite magmatism. The schist contains euhedral garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts in a foliated matrix of muscovite + biotite + chlorite + plagioclase + quartz + graphite. The staurolite shows minor compositional variations from the inclusion-free core to the inclusion-rich rim. By contrast, the garnet features a distinctive bell-shaped Mn profile and increasing Mg# from the garnet core to rims. In a graphite-bearing equilibrium phase diagram for a modified bulk composition with garnet cores removed, the garnet rim composition suggests a peak temperature of ~550°C, consistent with an independent thermometer based on the Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials (RSCM; 548 ± 9°C). The P–T condition lies within the narrow low-variance field bracketed by the staurolite-in and chlorite-out boundaries, indicating minimal overstepping of staurolite nucleation and growth. On the other hand, the garnet core composition indicates 520°C at 2.5 kbar, about 40°C higher than the predicted garnet-in boundary (~480°C). This apparent temperature overstep corresponds to a small chemical affinity (<5 kJ/mol 12 O) for garnet nucleation, comparable to previous estimates. The sharp boundaries of the high-Ca sector zoning in the core indicate limited diffusion modification (~1.5 Ma if at the peak temperature). The short thermal pulse involves advective heat transfer by leucogranite emplacement, followed by rapid cooling toward the end of Himalayan magmatism and rapid exhumation likely facilitated by the Yadong–Gulu Rift.     

变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)核酸适配体的SELEX筛选

变形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida)是大黄鱼内脏白点病的主要致病菌。核酸适配体,因其亲和力高、特异性好等多个优点,在微生物检测等多个领域都有较好的应用前景。以变形假单胞菌为靶目标,采用SELEX筛选方法,从高频序列中筛选获得了变形假单胞菌的5个核酸适配体,测定了这些核酸适配体对变形假单胞菌的亲和特异性及其亲和常数(Kd)和最大亲和力(Am),并对其二级结构进行了分析研究。结果表明,这5个核酸适配体对变形假单胞菌的亲和力是其他非目标菌(嗜水气单胞菌、溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、大肠杆菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌)的10倍以上,体现出了较好的亲和特异性。测定了5个核酸适配体(#1、#2、#3、#4、#5)的Kd和Am,相应的Kd值分别为(25.77±6.11)、(7.14±1.86)、(19.59±3.01)、(83.22±22.45)、(34.31±8.76) nmol/L,Am值分别为(789.23±38.46)、(1392.27±58.03)、(3012.50±106.19)、(1457.99±171.32)、(1070.91±70.16) nmol/...     

Petrological consequences of variations in metamorphic reaction affinity

The extent to which kinetic barriers to nucleation and growth delay the onset of prograde metamorphic reaction, commonly known as overstepping, is related to the macroscopic driving force for reaction, termed reaction affinity. Reaction affinity is defined in the context of overstepping as the Gibbs free‐energy difference between the thermodynamically stable, but not‐yet‐crystallized, products and the metastable reactants. Mineral reactions which release large quantities of H₂O, such as chlorite‐consuming reactions, have a higher entropy/volume change, and therefore a higher reaction affinity per unit of temperature/pressure overstep, than those which release little or no H₂O. The former are expected to be overstepped in temperature or pressure less than the latter. Different methods of calculating reaction affinity are discussed. Reaction affinity ‘maps’ are calculated that graphically portray variations in reaction affinity on equilibrium phase diagrams, allowing predictions to be made about expected degrees of overstepping. Petrological consequences of variations in reaction affinity include: (i) metamorphic reaction intervals may be discrete rather than continuous, especially in broad multivariant domains across which reaction affinity builds slowly; (ii) reaction intervals may not correspond in a simple way to reaction boundaries and domains in an equilibrium phase diagram, and may involve metastable reactions; (iii) overstepping can lead to a ‘cascade effect’, in which several stable and metastable reactions involving the same reactant phases proceed simultaneously; (iv) fluid generation, and possibly fluid presence in general, may be episodic rather than continuous, corresponding to discrete intervals of reaction; (v) overstepping related to slowly building reaction affinity in multivariant reaction intervals may account for the commonly abrupt development in the field of certain index mineral isograds; and (vi) P–T estimation based on combined use of phase diagram sections and mineral modes/compositions on the one hand, and classical thermobarometry methods on the other, may not agree even if the same thermodynamic data are used. Natural examples of the above, both contact and regional, are provided. The success of the metamorphic facies principle suggests that these kinetic effects are second‐order features that operate within a broadly equilibrium approach to metamorphism. However, it may be that the close approach to equilibrium occurs primarily at the boundaries between the metamorphic facies, corresponding to discrete intervals of high entropy, dehydration reaction involving consumption of hydrous phases like chlorite (greenschist–amphibolite facies boundary) and mica (amphibolite–granulite facies boundary), and less so within the facies themselves. The results of this study suggest that it is important to consider the possibility of reactions removed from equilibrium when inferring the P–T–t evolution of metamorphic rocks.     

喜马拉雅造山带西部拉昂错蛇绿岩带区域地壳深部结构及其可能构造归属研究

前人研究表明喜马拉雅造山带西部出露的拉昂错蛇绿混杂岩为新特提斯洋壳岩石圈的一部分,代表了新特提斯洋的关闭及其随后大洋岩石圈物质的仰冲.鉴于拉昂错蛇绿岩的构造演化历史尚不明确,前期对于拉昂错蛇绿岩带构造归属的研究主要基于岩石学研究和地表地质调查等,缺少精细的深部地壳结构进行运动学指示,因此证明拉昂错蛇绿混杂岩体的构造归属并非易事.本次研究中,我们对前期获得的一条南北向延伸穿过雅鲁藏布江缝合带和喜马拉雅造山带西部拉昂错蛇绿岩体的112 km长的深反射地震剖面进行了构造解释.高分辨率的深反射地震剖面清晰地显示了喜马拉雅山脉西部造山带内发育良好的地壳双冲构造几何结构,该地壳尺度双冲构造将印度俯冲地壳物质从底部运移到上部.同时,地震剖面还显示拉昂错蛇绿岩体和雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩体在上地壳深处呈倾向相反但底部相通的结构构造.结合前人的岩石学/地球化学/地表地质研究成果,我们认为拉昂错蛇绿岩体为雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩体的一部分.印度俯冲前缘的双冲构造折返将深部物质带到地表过程的同时,还将部分雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩携带至南侧距主缝合带位置大约20 km的拉昂错蛇绿岩区域.

     

青海共和盆地周缘印支期花岗岩类的成因及其构造意义

本文对青海共和盆地周缘印支期黑马河岩体、温泉岩体、大河坝岩体和同仁岩体花岗闪长岩进行了主量元素、微量元素和Pb-Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究,并对黑马河岩体和温泉岩体进行锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年代学研究.结果表明,黑马河岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为235±2 Ma,属印支早期,而温泉岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为218±2Ma,属印支晚期.这些印支期花岗闪长岩的SiO2=63.34～68.06%,K2O/Na2O=0.82～1.36,岩石均为准铝质(A/CNK=0.9～1.0),并属中钾到高钾钙碱性岩系.它们总体上具有相似的微量元素组成特征,并有着极为相似的稀土元素组成模式,(La/Yb)N值主要介于10～15之间,存在微弱到中等程度的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.5～0.8).岩石初始Sr同位素比值ISr=0.70701-0.70952,εNd(t)=-3.8到-8.4,指示它们的岩浆物质主要来自于地壳物质的部分熔融.这些岩石以高放射成因Pb同位素组成为特征,其全岩初始Pb同位素比值为(206 Pb/204 Pb)t=18.068～18.748、(207 Pb/204 Pb)t=15.591～15.649、(208 Pb/204 Pb)t=38.167～38.554.地球化学特征指示共和盆地周缘印支期花岗岩类的原岩为下地壳变玄武岩类,并且这类原岩可能派生于元古宙富集地幔,但在不同区段,下地壳变玄武岩类存在着一定程度化学组成的不均一性.根据花岗岩类对深部地壳物质的地球化学示踪及其区域对比,共和盆地周缘的西秦岭、柴达木(包括东昆仑)和欧龙布鲁克块体具有统一的地壳基底组成,并具有扬子型块体的构造属性.结合区域地质背景的分析,共和盆地周缘印支早期花岗岩类(以黑马河岩体为代表)可能形成于俯冲陆壳断离的地球动力学背景,而印支晚期花岗岩类(以温泉岩体为代表)形成于中央造山带在地壳加厚作用后岩石圈拆沉作用的地球动力学背景.     

秦岭造山带东段秦岭岩群的年代学和地球化学研究

对东秦岭地区的陕西省洛南县、宁陕县、长安县和河南省淅川县出露的四个秦岭岩群变质岩进行的岩石学和地球化学研究表明,样品主要由变质火山岩和变质沉积岩组成.详细的锆石U-Pb定年结果显示三个正变质岩均形成于新元古代早期(971～843Ma),而副变质岩中富集大量新元古代碎屑锆石,根据最年轻的谐和年龄(859Ma)和早古生代的变质年龄,推测其沉积时代为新元古代中晚期.因此,北秦岭南部的秦岭岩群的变质岩主要由新元古代早期的火成岩和新元古代中晚期的沉积岩组成.变质作用主要发生在加里东期,局部有燕山期的变质作用叠加.指示北秦岭的造山作用主要发生在早古生代.岩石地球化学研究还显示秦岭岩群的新元古代火山岩均形成于火山弧构造环境,沉积岩沉积于大陆弧-活动大陆边缘环境,指示秦岭造山带在新元古代早期是一个火山弧.秦岭岩群的火山岩和沉积岩在形成时代和构造环境方面与扬子克拉通西缘的特征非常相似,表明位于北秦岭造山带的秦岭岩群应归属于扬子克拉通陆块,是扬子北缘的一个大陆边缘弧.     

新疆天山东部尾亚超单元组合特征

运用岩浆同源性及岩石区的有关理论，通过花岗岩类区1：5万区域地质调查，对尾亚椭圆形复式岩株进行解体，经过对其单元、超单元的归并，发现并确认尾亚复式岩株的外环及内环是两个完全不同成分系列，不同岩浆源的独立岩浆作用，沿同一通道就位的产物。因此，外环建立尾亚超单元，内环建立环形山超单元。而将尾亚复式岩株建为尾亚超单元组合。区别于将天山东部尾亚车站所在的尾亚椭圆形复式岩株外环的辉长岩、石英正长岩及内环的花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩，统划为同一岩浆源、同一侵入期不同侵人次产物的认识。