Robust methods for assessing the accuracy of linear interpolated DEM

Methods for assessing the accuracy of a digital elevation model (DEM) with emphasis on robust methods have been studied in this paper. Based on the squared DEM residual population generated by the bi-linear interpolation method, three average-error statistics including (a) mean, (b) median, and (c) M-estimator are thoroughly investigated for measuring the interpolated DEM accuracy. Correspondingly, their confidence intervals are also constructed for each average error statistic to further evaluate the DEM quality. The first method mainly utilizes the student distribution while the second and third are derived from the robust theories. These innovative robust methods possess the capability of counteracting the outlier effects or even the skew distributed residuals in DEM accuracy assessment. Experimental studies using Monte Carlo simulation have commendably investigated the asymptotic convergence behavior of confidence intervals constructed by these three methods with the increase of sample size. It is demonstrated that the robust methods can produce more reliable DEM accuracy assessment results compared with those by the classical t-distribution-based method. Consequently, these proposed robust methods are strongly recommended for assessing DEM accuracy, particularly for those cases where the DEM residual population is evidently non-normal or heavily contaminated with outliers.     

北斗系统精密卫星钟差精度评价

针对目前北斗卫星导航系统尚未形成统一的事后轨道和钟差产品的现状,该文提出了一种较为全面的北斗卫星导航系统精密卫星钟差精度评价方法,从钟差拟合残差标准差和天跳变等方面对北斗系统事后精密卫星钟差的精度进行了评价。使用相同方法对2013年全年、2014年上半年的北斗系统精密卫星钟差产品进行了评价,以此来分析定轨策略调整对卫星钟差的影响。结果表明,武汉大学分析中心解算的北斗系统精密卫星钟差产品的精度为分米级,大部分卫星的钟差精度优于0.2m,且定轨策略调整后倾斜地球同步轨道/中地球轨道卫星钟差产品的精度有小幅度提升;定轨策略调整前卫星钟差天跳变在0.2~0.5m间,但是调整后钟差天跳变显著增大,变化范围为2~3m,建议在实际应用中对其加以慎重处理。     

基于EGM2008分析我国沿海陆地和岛礁高程异常

利用EGM2008地球重力场模型计算我国沿海13个省市的高程异常,结合实际的GNSS水准观测数据进行了比较分析,得出了GNSS水准实测的高程异常与EGM2008模型的高程异常之差的标准差是11 cm。     

Co-Phased Median Filters, Some Peculiarities of Sweep Signal Processing

Median filters are nonlinear and a theoretical analysis of their behavior is very difficult and so are rarely used for the processing of seismic data. However, they are able to preserve steps, sharp discontinuities and edges that are lost using most other standard filters. As seismic data are mostly harmonic or frequency modulated signals in the frequency range 1 to 10 Hz, the median filter must be adapted so as to suppress noise but not unduly distort the signal. This can be accomplished by using a median filter whose length is n times that of signal period where n is even. By use of weighted-order statistics, samples of the signals closest in phase can be obtained. To illustrate the method, a signal from a frequency band of 6.3–7.5 Hz was processed and the quality of the signal enhanced two fold over the quality of the signal without processing.     

残差绝对值和最小法在单线阵CCD卫星影像后方交会粗差探测中的应用

利用残差绝对值和最小法进行单线阵CCD卫星影像的后方交会，一般来说，不仅可以克服外方位元素之间的强相关性，而且可以有效地剔除粗差。实验证明该方法简便、稳健、有效。     

从天文观测提取地震前兆信息

天文时间和纬度观测的残差值在仪器周围地区发生中强地震前夕出现短期异常的现象已被初步证实．本文进一步讨论时纬残差异常与地震三要素的关系，并认为布设观测网点获得多架仪器的资料，将可为地震三要素，尤其对震中位置的判定提供有意义的信息．多架仪器的资料对垂线变化和垂线偏差研究也将是有价值的．建议在地震高发地区组建观测网，并研制主要用于地学研究的小型、高精度天文时纬观测仪器．      

A test sensitive to extreme hidden periodicities

A modified version of the widely used Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test of null hypothesis is constructed, that a given time series is Gaussian white noise, against the alternative hypothesis that the time series contains an added or multiplicative deterministic-periodic component of unspecified frequency. The usual KS test is treated as a special case. The proposed test is more powerful than the ordinary K-S test in detecting extreme (low or high) hidden periodicities. Computational procedure necessary for implementation are also given.     

Pg回折波的上地壳三维层析成象

提出利用人工地震Ｐｇ回折波走时重建区域上地壳三维速度分布的方法。正问题利用经典最小二乘迭代求解垂向速度梯度模型的参数值及相应走时残差。反问题采用泛函空间的最小二乘准则来实现。对速度不需要预先进行参数化处理，可以计算反演区内任意点的速度值。数值计算结果表明了该方法的可靠性。处理了滦县地震区人工地震Ｐｇ走时资料，获得了该区上地壳顶部的三维速度分布。     

Statistical regression applied to borehole strain measurements data analysis

Summary In mining and geotechnical engineering, it is usually necessary to carry out field measurements in order to obtain information. Parameters are often measured indirectly and calculated based on certain relationships to the measured quantities. More often, the number of measurements taken is greater than the minimum required, in order to increase the reliability of results. However, some data points are less reliable than others for reasons such as measurement errors; a solution which best fits the measurement data is obtained accordingly. As a result, there is a residual or a difference between the individual quantities measured and those predicted from the best-fit solution. This brings about a question of how big a residual is acceptable for a solution to be reliable. It is also important to know whether the data point with the largest residual is the most erroneous, whether those data points with large residuals should be deleted and how many of them should be deleted. Standard deviation may provide a measure of the data divergence but it is questionable if this parameter can be used as a measure of the reliability of solution. In order to solve these problems, the author has done extensive study in this area, especially as part of geotechnical data analysis. In this paper, the statistical multiple regression method is introduced to analyse the measurement data. The method is applied to the analysis ofin situ stress measurement and can be easily adopted to analyse data from other field measurements and laboratory tests. An example is included which illustrates the analysis procedure and shows the advantages of the method.     

Finite element solutions for mass oscillations in surge tanks

This paper describes a finite element technique using the method of weighted residuals for the solution of mass oscillations in surge tanks. Three weighting functions, uniform, linear and Galerkin, are applied and the results are compared with those from alternative techniques. The relatively simple case of surge analysis with flow rate change in the penstock, but neglecting tunnel friction, is first considered as a direct analytical solution is available. Finally friction is included for comparison with a graphical and analogue solution.