Shear strength of soil berm during lateral buckling of subsea pipelines

The soil resistance developed during temperature- and pressure-induced large lateral movements of shallowly embedded subsea flowlines is an important input parameter for the structural design process. A major source of uncertainty in calculation of the soil resistance is the undrained shear strength of the soil berm produced as the flowline moves across the seabed, which is affected by the level of remoulding. To investigate the effect of pipeline embedment and displacement amplitude on the shear strength of the berm, a set of centrifuge model tests was conducted on kaolin clay, involving laterally moving pipelines with constant embedments in the range 5%–35% of the pipe diameter. Back-analysis of the test results, using finite element limit analysis, showed that the shear strength of the soil berm is a function of pipe displacement amplitude, pipe embedment, and soil sensitivity. On the basis of these results, we propose that the overall berm undrained shear strength may be determined as a convolution of the shear strengths of its constituent soil elements. Finally, a formula is presented for calculating the shear strength of soil elements within the soil berm, and this is used to back-analyse the overall soil berm resistance from the model tests.     

西气东输管道沿线主要工程地质问题

西气东输管道工程线路之长、沿线各种地形地貌类型之多、工程地质条件之复杂均属举世罕见,笔者从区域构造、地震活动环境、地震地质环境及断裂活动性等方面对管道沿线区域稳定性进行了分析评价,对沿线分布的内陆盐渍土、湿陷性黄土、膨胀土及软土对管道施工和运营期间可能出现的工程地质问题进行了阐述.     

Cold-region environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and their management

The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities.This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests,shrinking of wetlands,enhancing of soil erosion,accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments.The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes.Many components of the cold-region eco-environments,including frozen ground,forests,wetlands and peatlands,forest fires and heating island effect of rapid urbanization,are interdependent,interactive,and integrated in the boreal ecosystems.The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline.Therefore,a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environ-mental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts.Proper management,effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting,costly and long-term commitment.The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation,assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments,compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management,proper and timely re-vegetation,returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands,and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.     

寒区不同材质垂直埋管测温方式差异性分析

寒区土壤温度场观测多采用垂直埋管方式,常用管材有铁管、PVC管、PPR管、PE管等,在实践中发现同一地点不同材质测管所测温度场存在较大差异.为研究几种常用测温管材测试值的差异性,2014年11月3日至2015年4月29日对四种材质垂直埋管与土壤直埋传感器的测温方式进行了现场比对试验.结果表明：（1）不同材质垂直埋管因其物理性质的差异,在测温过程中对温度场有不同程度的影响,PVC管和PPR管的测温值分别偏高于相应土层温度约0.8℃和0.3℃,而铁管和PE管则分别偏低于相应土层温度约0.4℃和0.6℃.（2）管材中温度场数据与土壤温度场数据相关性由高到低排序为：铁管 > PPR管 > PVC管 > PE管.（3）通过最小二乘法,求得铁管-土壤各层埋深温度场的转换系数,并得到铁管-土壤温度场拟合方程,经证实相关性显著.     

非开挖施工前的管道探测方法

只有在非开挖施工前探明了地下管线的分布情况,才能正确地制定施工方案,以防止对已有的地下管线造成破坏,引起人员伤亡和重大财产损失。通过对传统的和在当今比较前沿的几种地下管道探测方法做出介绍,旨在为施工人员在地下管道探测作业时提供更多的选择。     

高聚物萃取光度法测定钯

研究了在聚乙二醇 -硫酸铵 -亚硝基R盐体系中萃取光度法测定钯。在 pH 1 .3的NaAc-HCl缓冲溶液中 ,钯与亚硝基R盐形成橙色配合物 ,被萃取到高聚物相 ,其配合物的最大吸收波长位于 50 0nm处 ,摩尔吸光系数为 1 .58× 1 0 4L·mol- 1.cm- 1,Pd(Ⅱ )与亚硝基R盐的配位比为 1∶3,Pd(Ⅱ )的质量浓度在 0～ 2 .2mg/L内符合比尔定律。方法用于碳 -钯催化剂中钯的测定 ,6次测定的RSD为 2 .7%。     

A simplified approach for rockfall ground penetration and impact stress calculations

This paper presents a simple procedure for calculating rockfall penetration and ground impact stress for design of pipeline burial depth. Rockfall may damage pipelines by penetrating through cover soils and damaging the pipeline by puncture or excessive impact stress. Design engineers may face a challenging question regarding what burial depth is required for adequate pipe protection. Greater burial depth may provide better protection; however, there are usually site and economic constraints. This paper discusses a simple procedure for calculating the maximum rock penetration and ground impact stress due to rockfall. The procedure may be used to estimate the minimum burial depth required to protect pipelines from rockfall damage. A case study involving a large boulder that fell down a slope and landed on a buried high-pressure gas pipeline is presented to demonstrate and verify the procedure. A calculation was performed before the removal of the boulder to evaluate whether any damage was made to the pipeline. The calculated results agreed well with the actual conditions observed after the boulder was removed.     

爆管法施工对环境的影响分析

通过对爆管法对环境影响的理论分析,并结合有关的试验进行模拟分析,探讨了爆管法施工产生的碎片对新铺管道的影响,对周围结构设施的影响,重点论述了爆管法施工引起的地表位移。     

中俄原油管道沿线多年冻土环境及管道施工技术探讨

选取中俄原油管道沿线位于多年冻土区的漠河-乌尔其段为研究区域, 分析了管道工程对多年冻土环境的影响以及冻土退化所带来的一系列生态环境问题, 并研究了冻土环境变化对管道工程的影响. 针对冻土区管道工程施工的相关问题, 提出了不同施工迹地的施工方式及相对应的冻土环境保护措施: 施工作业带的清理;取弃土的处理;施工便道、伴行道的修建及不同地段施工便道与伴行路路基最小高度的确定;施工营地、料场的设计及布设;管沟开挖时基坑暴露时间的计算, 多年冻土区管道工程的施工等.中俄输油管道是我国首条通过多年冻土区的大口径原油管道, 研究结果可为中俄输油管道及今后寒区工程建设过程中的环境保护提供科学依据.     

市政管道的全寿命风险评估

市政管道的全寿命风险评估是市政管道风险管理的重要组成部分,准确而有效的评估决策关系到管道建设的成败问题。本文通过对市政管道全寿命周期内单元风险进行识别与分类;采用现有的管道风险技术,和专家评分法等方法对风险因子进行实效因素评分,然后进行市政管道的全寿命风险评估。