Managing land-use effects on Northland dune lakes: lessons from the past

The Northland region of New Zealand includes numerous high-value, macrophyte-dominated dune lakes. Recent water policy reforms offer limited guidance on managing for aquatic macrophytes. In addition, dune lake histories are poorly known as regular monitoring dates to 2005 AD. Here, ca. 4000 years of lake functional behaviour is reconstructed from sedimentary archives in two Northland dune lakes (Humuhumu and Rotokawau). Results demonstrated that macrophyte dominance is sensitive to catchment erosion and hydrological drawdown. Degradation of macrophyte communities occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, earlier at Lake Humuhumu than Lake Rotokawau (post-1880 AD and post-1930 AD, respectively). In both lakes, increased erosional influx reduced macrophyte productivity, before later increases to wider trophic state (post-1970 AD). Lake-level decline is linked to increased nutrient loading at Lake Rotokawau but less so, Lake Humuhumu which is more strongly groundwater-fed. In Northland dune lakes, water-level reduction and erosional influx from land use have driven macrophyte degradation.     

Response of the mesozooplankton community of the St Lucia estuary,South Africa,to a mouth-opening event during an extended drought

Mesozooplankton samples were collected between March 2005 and November 2008 in St Lucia, the largest estuarine lake system in South Africa. St Lucia experienced an extended period of drought before and during the present study. This drought led to natural closing of the estuary mouth as a result of flood-tide marine sediment deposition in 2002. In March 2007 the mouth was washed open by exceptionally high tidal and wave conditions. This resulted in an influx of a large volume of seawater. The mouth closed again in August 2007. Before opening of the mouth salinities in the Estuary were below 10 and large parts of North Lake dried up while South Lake retained a relatively stable waterbody with salinities between 10 and 30. When the mouth opened seawater flooded the system and salinities changed to about 35. After the mouth had closed again in August 2007 salinities increased in the lakes and decreased in the Estuary. The mesozooplankton community was dominated by copepods during all sampling sessions, especially by the estuarine calanoids Pseudodiaptomus stuhlmanni and Acartia natalensis. Mean mesozooplankton densities were significantly higher in South Lake before the mouth opened in March 2007. While zooplankton density decreased when the mouth opened species richness increased with the influx of coastal marine species, especially in the Estuary. Overall zooplankton densities declined progressively as salinity increased to hypersaline levels after mouth closure. Multivariate analyses supported significant differences between the lakes and the Estuary in terms of mesozooplankton community composition. Taxa mostly responsible for the similarities within and dissimilarity between sections of the system were the copepods P. stuhlmanni and A. natalensis with the meroplankton, crab zoeae and mollusc larvae, also contributing significantly after the mouth-opening event.     

西藏结则茶卡湖岸沉积物中铀系年龄及意义

通过对藏北高原西北部结则茶卡湖泊及其沿岸地质地貌调查,发现其为一个富含硼、锂、钾、锶的封闭型盐湖,沿岸海拔4 850 m拔湖325 m有一条明显的高位湖岸线,该湖岸线到湖面之间有六级湖积阶地发育,六级以上阶地保存零星。沿湖岸不同高度上的湖积物U系年龄分别为(14.2±1.2)ka BP(T2)、(38.0±3.5)ka BP(T4)和(41.6±3.2)ka BP(T5)。湖面下降的幅度是藏北高原迄今所知最大。根据湖面平均下降速度推算高位湖岸线和高位湖积层的形成年龄在(120~90)ka BP,与东部的纳木错和西部的甜水海基本一致,说明藏北高原在晚更新世初期有一个明显的泛湖期。大约100 ka BP结则茶卡湖面开始下降,晚更新世以来湖泊演化是在封闭体系干旱环境下进行的,盐湖形成于14 ka BP左右,藏北高原在晚更新世以来气候变化可能为自西向东逐渐变为干寒。     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格南部地区盒8段沉积相特征及其意义

依据野外露头、岩芯、测井及相关测试资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格南部地区上古生界中二叠统石盒子组盒8沉积期的沉积类型、沉积微相特征及沉积相对天然气成藏富集的影响进行了分析。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格南部地区盒8沉积期自北向南依次发育缓坡浅水辫状河三角洲和滨浅湖沉积相,亚相主要为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、滨湖和浅湖,微相包括分流河道、分流间洼地、水下分流河道、水下天然堤、分流间湾、滨湖砂坝、滨湖泥湾和浅湖泥湾;各微相在空间上相互叠置,复合加积;各微相水动力条件的差异造成微相在沉积物成分和组构上各异,导致其成岩作用不同;分流河道和水下分流河道微相发育处密集形成相互叠置的大面积骨架砂体,构成区内主砂带,成为天然气优质储集层,是有利勘探相带;沉积相明显控制优质储集层的分布,进而影响着天然气的富集成藏。总之,水下分流河道和分流河道微相是砂岩优质储集层分布和发育的最有利相带,也是今后勘探开发的方向。     

不同类型沉积物磁化率的比较研究和初步解释

沉积物的磁化率分析以被广泛应用在第四纪古气候研究中,不同类型沉积物磁化率的解释可能存在明显的差异.本文选择了黄土、冲积物、湖积物、风沙堆积和南方红土等五种不同类型的沉积物,进行了磁化率的测试,粒度和孢粉分析,试图通过对沉积物磁化率和相关古环境指标的研究,对不同类型沉积物的磁化率予以对比并进行初步解释.研究结果表明,黄土和湖泊沉积中磁化率的变化主要受气候变化的影响,是指示古气候的重要指标;河流沉积物和风沙沉积物的磁化率主要受粒度的影响;影响南方红土磁化率的因素十分复杂,其磁化率的解释比较困难有待进一步的研究.这一研究表明,鉴于不同沉积物磁化率的影响因素存在明显的不同,因此在运用磁化率进行古环境解释时须持慎重态度.     

武汉市汤逊湖沉积物重金属垂向变化的磁响应特征及环境意义

对武汉汤逊湖湖泊沉积物T06-1样芯进行了磁性测量、重金属分析和粒度分析,探讨了利用磁参数追踪、指示城市湖泊重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,低矫顽力的亚铁磁矿物主导了沉积物的磁性特征.磁参数χ,SIRM和ARM与重金属Cr,Zn,Cu和Pb呈现较为一致的垂向变化特征:55cm之下,磁参数值和重金属的含量均较低且稳定;在50～10 cm之间,两者基本呈现随深度的减小而增加的趋势,其中在20～10 cm区间,出现小范围内波动;而10cm至表层,元素含量和磁参数值随深度减小而急剧增加.选取粘土(＜4μm)对沉积物中Cr,Zn,Cu和Pb进行粒度校正的结果显示:校正后元素的变化趋向于平稳,但在表层的10cm处Cr,Pb,Zn和Cu的含量仍然较高,表明了表层沉积物中金属元素的含量主要受人类活动的影响.相关分析也表明了磁参数χ,SIRM和ARM与重金属Cr,Pb,Zn和Cu之间均呈显著相关关系(0.62≤R≤0.86),表明磁参数可以用于追踪和指示汤逊湖湖泊沉积物重金属污染.     

西藏盐湖卤水蒸发速率的实验与计算

本文对国内外水面蒸发速率的研究进行了综述,总结了西藏扎布耶盐湖Φ20cm蒸发皿淡水蒸发量与气温、降水、日照的相关关系,提出了改进的扩展彭曼公式法,用于较为准确地计算盐湖卤水蒸发速率,并以西藏扎布耶盐湖为例计算了盐湖卤水蒸发。该方法可以应用于盐湖湖面蒸发与水量均衡计算,也可以应用于盐湖开发中的盐田工艺设计计算与实际生产应用。     

Caribbean hydrological variability during the Holocene as reconstructed from crater lakes on the island of Grenada

Contemporary precipitation patterns in the Caribbean region are spatially variable, and the small number of Holocene paleoclimatic records may not adequately capture patterns of variation in the past. The hydrological history of Grenada was inferred from paleolimnological analyses of sediment cores from two crater lakes on the island. The basins were formed by volcanic activity some time during the Last Termination, but were dry between ca. 13 000 and ca. 7200 cal. a BP. After filling, the lakes were initially very shallow, and sedimentation was interrupted by a hiatus ca. 6300–5500 cal. a BP, followed by deposition of a thick tephra in both sites. After 5500 cal. a BP, lake level shows considerable multi‐centennial variability, superimposed upon a long‐term trend of generally higher lake level after 3200 cal. a BP. The pattern of lake‐level variation in Grenada shows some similarity with other Caribbean paleoclimatic records in terms of the timing of transitions, but differs from several classic studies in the sign of inferred precipitation change. The differences among records may reflect spatially variable precipitation patterns in the past in response to the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and to sea surface temperature influences on the trade winds and Caribbean low‐level jet. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Holocene alpine glaciation inferred from lacustrine sediments on northeastern Baffin Island,Arctic Canada

With accelerated melting of alpine glaciers, understanding the future state of the cryosphere is critical. Because the observational record of glacier response to climate change is short, palaeo‐records of glacier change are needed. Using proglacial lake sediments, which contain continuous and datable records of past glacier activity, we investigate Holocene glacier fluctuations on northeastern Baffin Island. Basal radiocarbon ages from three lakes constrain Laurentide Ice Sheet retreat by ca. 10.5 ka. High sedimentation rates (0.03 cm a^?1) and continuous minerogenic sedimentation throughout the Holocene in proglacial lakes, in contrast to organic‐rich sediments and low sedimentation rates (0.005 cm a^?1) in neighbouring non‐glacial lakes, suggest that glaciers may have persisted in proglacial lake catchments since regional deglaciation. The presence of varves and relatively high magnetic susceptibility from 10 to 6 ka and since 2 ka in one proglacial lake suggest minimum Holocene glacier extent ca. 6–2 ka. Moraine evidence and proglacial and threshold lake sediments indicate that the maximum Holocene glacier extent occurred during the Little Ice Age. The finding that glaciers likely persisted through the Holocene is surprising, given that regional proxy records reveal summer temperatures several degrees warmer than today, and may be due to shorter ablation seasons and greater accumulation‐season precipitation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.