以虚拟地震的理论格林函数为模板搜寻小地震

搜寻小地震而得到更加完备的地震目录是地震学的基本课题.传统的匹配滤波方法用已知地震的波形与连续观测做互相关,可有效识别小地震.然而,一些地区缺乏早期观测或地震活动性低而无真实地震可做模板,造成传统匹配滤波法难以施展.使用虚拟地震的理论波形做模板可解决该问题.若使用的虚拟地震包含所有可能的震源机制,即离散地覆盖整个震源机...     

大别造山带核部典型燕山期花岗岩岩浆演化的p—T轨迹

本文根据相图和多种地质温压计确定了大别造山带核部典型花岗岩岩浆的源区,岩浆房和固结成岩阶段的温度和压力,并建立了区内岩浆演化的ｐ－Ｔ轨迹。该轨迹表明：（１）石鼓尖侵入岩浆上升能力最强,上升的最小距离为２５ｋｍ;（２）天堂寨侵入岩岩浆上升能力也较强,上升的最小距离为５ｋｍ,（３）九资河侵入岩的上升能力最弱,上升距离小于３ｋｍ。（４）石鼓尖和天堂寨岩体为异地侵入体,九资河岩体是一个原地－半原地花岗岩体     

不同强度冷空气对太湖水热交换的定量影响

作为冷季主要的天气事件,冷空气过境会改变湖泊上方的气团性质,对湖泊的水热通量产生影响,进而影响湖泊的生物物理和化学过程.以亚热带大型浅水湖泊——太湖为研究对象,基于2012-2017年5个冷季（11月-翌年3月）的太湖中尺度通量网观测数据,量化不同强度冷空气（寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气）对太湖水热通量的影响.结果表明：在5个冷季中,寒潮、强冷空气和较强冷空气发生的总次数分别为4、11和33次,累积持续天数分别为14、31和78天.冷空气过境显著增强太湖的水热通量,3种冷空气过境使太湖的感热通量分别增至无冷空气时的10.3、6.0和4.3倍,潜热通量分别增至无冷空气时的4.0、2.1和2.7倍.虽然冷空气影响天数仅占冷季天数的16.4%,但对整个冷季的潜热和感热通量贡献分别为34.9%和51.7%,以较强冷空气贡献最大.冷空气影响时,水-气界面的温度梯度是太湖感热通量的主控因子,而潜热通量的主控因子为风速.与深水湖泊相比,太湖等浅水湖泊对冷空气过境的响应更快,寒潮过境时尤为明显.     

1961—2012年塔城地区极端温度事件变化特征

摘要：选用世界气象组织推荐的极端气候指数方法,对1961—2012年塔城地区6个极端气温指数进行分析,应用百分位法定义极端温度阈值,得出塔城地区极端温度事件变化的基本事实。结果表明：塔城地区近52年来冷昼、冷夜事件和严寒日数分别以3.5 d/10a、9.3 d/10a和4.3 d/10a的速率下降,突变点分别出现在1994、1988和1979年;暖昼、暖夜事件和高温日数分别以3.6 d/10a、8.6 d/10a和0.6 d/10a的速率在上升,突变点分别出现在1989、1990和1973年;极端气温指标多存在25～28 a和5～8 a的振荡周期,在空间分布上,各指标的减少（增加）速率与纬度、地形相关,随纬度增加而多呈现出北部大,中部、南部小的特点。     

基于波形特征的露天钼矿微震事件的识别分析——以卓资山钼矿为例

基于前人研究成果以及现场的实测结果,采用卓资山露天钼矿微震监测项目产出资料,提取了5类微震事件的波形特征和时频特征。波形特征显示:微地震的振幅、辐射均匀性和频率变化特征表明微地震是由于岩层受到单力偶和剪切力作用破裂而产生;爆破具有P波初动方向向上、S波不易识别的特点,包含“初震段、主震段、尾波段”三段变化形态;小型边坡滑坡波事件属楔体滑坡,是由多个“加速—缓冲—终止”构成,波形是由包络线呈“V”字形的多组脉冲波列组成;机械开采震动事件具有自振能量不变、脉冲幅度相差很大、持续时间间隔不确定的特点;运输车辆波形振幅具有形态“弱—强—弱”、等频率、包络线呈多段纺锤形的特征。时频空间分布可以分为相对独立、界限分明的两类:一类包含微地震、爆破、机械开采、小型边坡滑坡事件,另一类只包含车辆运输事件。     

祁连造山带研究概况——历史,现状及展望

回顾了祁连造山带的研究历史，对研究现状作了简要总结。认为在祁连造山带已初步建立起岩石圈结构及动力学模型，划分了板块构造单元，祁连山自震理纪以来先后出现大陆裂谷和板块构造两种构造体制及三种不同类型的造山作用（俯冲造山，碰撞造山和陆内造山）而构造体制变更，盆地类型转换以及造山作用类型变化的地球动力学机制是地幔柱构造。提出了造山带研究现存在的关键问题，对未来的研究进行了展望，作者认为祁连山造山理论的研究     

兴蒙造山区及邻区早白垩世盆地岩石地层格架 与沉积古地理演化

在重点梳理兴蒙造山区及其相邻地区早白垩世地层分布与沉积古地理特征的基础上,从地层沉积学角度探讨了研究区早白垩世沉积盆地特征。兴蒙造山区中东部在晚侏罗世巨厚粗碎屑沉积建造之上发育了巨厚的酸性－中性火山岩－火山碎屑岩与河流－湖泊相沉积岩系,构成中国东北部巨型NE向火山岩－沉积岩带。兴蒙造山区中东部早白垩世早中期以断陷（裂谷）盆地为主,古地貌以高地、河流和湖泊共存为特征,气候温湿且炎热,热河生物群萌生;早白垩世中晚期,北东向地壳强烈伸展并进一步向外围地区扩展,沉积盆地及充填建造和热河生物群也相应地向更广泛区域辐射发展。兴安岭-燕山沉积-火山岩带与古太平洋板块俯冲无关,板内软流圈上涌导致的区域性伸展是其主要的成因动力机制,也是中国东部早白垩世中晚期更大规模区域性伸展作用的序幕。兴蒙东部早白垩世晚期沉积盆地发育和古地理格局受Izanagi板块向亚洲大陆东部俯冲弧后伸展构造机制约束。     

Tectonics of the Scandian orogeny and the Western Gneiss Region in southern Norway

Two crust-forming events dominate the Precambrian history of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) at about 1800–1600 Ma and 1550–1400 Ma. The influence of the Sveconorwegian orogeny (1200–900 Ma) is restricted to the region south of Moldefjord-Romsdalen. A series of anorthosites and related intrusives are present, possibly derived from the now-lost western margin of the Baltic craton that may have been emplaced in the WGR as an allochthonous unit before the Ordovician.The Caledonian development is split into two orogenic phases, the Finnmarkian (Cambrian — Early Ordovician) and the Scandian (Late Ordovician/Early Silurian — Devonian). The lower tectonic units west of the Trondheim Trough may be Finnmarkian nappes ; they were part of the lower plate during the Scandian continental collision. The Blåhö nappe is correlated with dismembered eclogite bodies along the coast. A regional change of nappe transport direction from 090 to 135 marks the initiation of an orogen-parallel sinistral shear component around 425 Ma. The change caused the development of a complex sinistral strike-slip system in the Trondheim region consisting of the Möre-Tröndelag Fault Zone and the Gränse contact. The latter cut the crust underneath the already emplaced Trondheim Nappe Complex, thus triggering the intrusion of the Fongen-Hyllingen igneous complex, and initiating subsidence of the Trondheim Trough, and was subsequently turned from a strike-slip zone into an extensional fault. Minor southward transport of the Trondheim Nappe Complex rejuvenated some thrusts between the Lower and the Middle Allochthon. A seismic reflector underneath the WGR is interpreted to be a blind thrust which subcrops into the Faltungsgraben. During Middle Devonian orogenic collapse, detachment faulting brought higher units, now eroded elsewhere, down to the present outcrop level, such as the Bergen and Dalsfjord nappe and the Old Red basins.     

Seismic Moment Tensor Resolution on a Local Scale: Simulated Rockburst and Mine-induced Seismic Events in the Kopanang Gold Mine, South Africa

Seismic records contain information about the effect of the source as well as the effect of wave propagation through the rock mass. The effect of wave propagation is usually not well known as only simplified models of geological structures are available. Therefore, the information about the source retrieved by inverting seismograms may include errors due to incomplete knowledge of the rock mass along the propagation path, which in turn cause a distortion in the calculated moment tensor (MT). The distortion of the MT on a local scale was observed by inverting records of a simulated rockburst conducted at the Kopanang gold mine in South Africa. A dominant isotropic component of the explosive characteristics was found from the inversion. The deviatoric components retrieved from the blast are spurious. A test of their stability indicated that they are not significant, assuming an uncertainty above 5% for velocities and 10% for attenuation within the homogeneous model available for the mine. Thus, the retrieval of the MT from records of local networks in mines using a homogeneous model of the rock mass seems to be feasible. However, the homogeneous model of the rock mass can only be applied to close stations, within a few kilometers of the source. The seismic records from distant stations were too complex to be modelled by a homogeneous rock mass. Records of six mine-induced seismic events recorded at the Kopanang gold mine were also inverted. A vertical linear dipole along the pressure (P) axis was found for three of the events, suggesting a pillar burst. The mechanism of two events contains an isotropic implosion together with a nearly vertical dip-slip, and seems to indicate a combination of a cavity collapse with a down dip-slip along a nearly vertical fault. One event corresponds to a dipole along the tensional (T) axis. However, it is vertical, thus its association with tensile faulting of the hangingwall is uncertain.