http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000429

The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits are: (1) a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the formation of the deposits; (2) fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and (3) the timing of sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan (Gansu), Yangliuping (Sichuan), Kalatongke (Xinjiang), and Hongqiling (Jilin). Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes, intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which would provide guidelines for further exploration.     

Chemical fluid transport (CFT): A window into Earth and its development

Gas phase transport according to chemical fluid transport (CFT) in Earth's crust as well as in the solar nebula is characterized by very high transport efficiency. Systematic investigations of mobilization, transport and deposition of gaseous MeX (Me = metal, X = F or Cl) compounds by solid gas equilibrium reactions are suitable to explain numerous extensive accumulations of minerals and ores. More than 40 of the considered chemical elements form volatile MeX compounds. Some elements tend to form MeF compounds, whereas others are more likely to form MeCl compounds. Silicon reacts with HF to form SiF₄ and replaces other elements to form MeF compounds at low temperature ranges. Accumulations caused by SiF₄ transport explain the formation of numerous quartz varieties and silicate minerals in Earth's crust. Iron most likely reacts with HCl to form FeCl₂ as well as FeCl₃ and explain the formation of iron or iron compounds. Thermodynamically directed transport from cool to hot areas in connection with cyclic processes increases the transport efficiency of MeX-species. Such species are SiF₄, Al₂F₆, POF₃, Cu₃Cl₃, SnCl₄, BF₃, GeF₄, GeCl₄, Ga₂Cl₆, ZrF₄, NbF₅ and TiF₄. The transport gases SiF₄ and POF₃ often react with environmental compounds forming pneumatolytic and metasomatical mineral accumulations. CFT is the “motor” of pneumatolytic and metasomatical processes.     

云南香格里拉红山铜矿石硫化物环带及地质意义

云南香格里拉县红山铜矿是三江义敦岛弧带南端重要铜矿床,颇受关注,成因认识分歧大.矿区出露上三叠统板岩、变碎屑岩和灰岩夹中基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩以及少量侵入其中的中酸性和超基性岩脉、岩株,透镜状铜硫化物矿体产在顺层状矽卡岩体内或边部,成矿后断裂明显.矿石中普遍发育以黄铁矿为核部、黄铜矿为中间带、磁黄铁矿为边部带的硫化物环带,其中核部黄铁矿呈立方体自形-半自形晶,黄铜矿呈他形晶围绕黄铁矿沉淀,磁黄铁矿呈他形分布在黄铜矿外围,内带常被外带硫化物溶蚀交代.环带从内到外硫化物先后沉淀,矿物生成顺序为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿.环带中三种硫化物矿物的REE配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图极为相似,负Eu异常显著,富集U、Th、Zr、Hf,亏损Rb、Sr、Ba,与矿区超基性岩表现出较高相似性;环带从内到外,∑REE(0.17371×10-6、1.22626×10-6、5.25925×10-6)和微量元素含量依次升高,Co/Ni和Se/Te比值降低,指示矿石硫化物沉淀过程中,可能伴随热液体系内地壳物质不断增加.环带中硫化物矿物δ34SV-CDT=3.81‰～5.23‰,具有岩浆硫源特征,δ34SV-CDT边部带磁黄铁矿 (4.47‰)＜δ34SV-CDT中间带黄铜矿(4.58‰)＜ δ34SV-CDT核部黄铁矿(4.65‰),三种硫化物间没有达到同位素平衡分馏.红山铜矿石环带结构是岩浆热液为主成矿流体中黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿先后晶出成因,伴随硫化物环带的形成,热液系统从早到晚H2S和O2逸度降低或pH升高过程.     

云南元阳大坪金矿矿床成因讨论

金矿位于哀牢山构造变质岩带、金（贵金属）成矿带南部西侧,含金石英脉分布于小新街断裂两侧的次级构造裂隙中,矿脉严格受次级压扭性断裂控制.     

云南兰坪罗善铅锌矿控矿因素及成因

铅锌矿赋存于上三叠统三合洞组下段（T3s1）灰岩容矿岩层中及近南北向、北北东向、北西向断裂破碎带内,少数赋存在近东西向节理裂隙中,成因具多成矿阶段、多成矿物质来源特征,层位＋构造控制的中低温热液型铅锌多金属矿床.     

新疆乔尕山金矿床成矿流体来源研究

对乔尕山金矿床脆韧性剪切变质成矿作用阶段形成的受不同程度剪切的石英脉中流体包裹体气相成分分析表明,由糜棱岩化石英脉→初糜棱岩石英脉→石英脉糜棱岩,气相成分总量及主要组分Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２的含量均呈有规律的降低。两个主要成矿阶段形成的石英脉具有相似的Ｈ、Ｏ同位素组成,δ＾１８ＯＨ２Ｏ＝５．２５‰～９．５４‰,δＤＨ２Ｏ＝－７０．９‰,～－４２．０‰,受剪切岩石中矿物中流体包裹体所代表的流体是韧性剪切金矿     

川西北哲波山微细浸染型金矿床控矿构造特征及控矿作用

研究分析川西北哲波册微细浸梁型金矿构造发育特征,控矿作用后,认为临界沟断裂为剪切破碎带内主干断裂,为导矿构造。控矿构造具有分带集中之特征,断裂集中分布区在空间上成斜列产出。产位矿体的是剪切破碎带内ＳＮ向呈右行侧幕式产出的具舒缓波状弯曲的一系列次级断裂,以及褶皱轴部、密集裂隙带、断裂相交部位。     

内蒙古乌拉山-大青山地区金矿成矿地质条件及成矿规律

从构造、岩浆活动和矿源层论述了金矿的环境、矿床成因、成矿作用,提示了金矿沿近ＥＷ向断裂带成矿的规律性,指出了金矿的找矿方向。     

西秦岭金矿类型及成矿区带划分

西秦岭是我国西北地区主要的金矿集中区 ,也是陕甘川“金三角”的重要组成部分。区内金矿床 (点 )遍布 ,形成以构造破碎蚀变岩型为主 ,硅灰泥岩型、石英脉型次之 ,兼有绿片岩型、接触交代型及河床—河漫滩堆积型等 6种金矿床类型。依据构造带及金矿床 (点 )的展布 ,初步划分为 10个Ⅴ级成矿带。通过揭示金矿带区域成矿地质构造特征 ,指出了西秦岭进一步找矿方向     

礼社江中上游微粒金矿矿田地质及控矿因素

礼社江中上游微粒型金矿田，以其特有的地质特生和成矿规律，于红河大断裂东侧、依皮堵复式破背斜上形成一系列不同规模、以金矿为主的矿床（点）；即将勘查或评价的一系列Au，As，Sb，Hg元素组合异常；不断发现的不同规模的金矿床（点）。使该矿田成为一个非常重要的黄金后备资源及生产基础。本文运用新的专业理论从矿田地质特征、控矿因素、找矿标志等方面给予论述，为在本区进一步发展提供思路。