广元市丘陵地区土地整治潜力调查评价

通过调查3个丘陵区的土地整治情况,按地形、地貌进行土地整治分区,讨论土地整治潜力评价的方法,分别对农用地整治、农村建设用地整治、土地复垦和宜耕后备土地资源开发的建设规模和补充耕地的数量潜力与质量潜力进行分析计算,最后对调查区土地整治综合潜力进行评价。     

青州市农村土地整治工作的实践与思考

农村土地整治已成为当前国土资源管理工作的热点,它综合了统筹城乡发展、城市反哺农村、工业反哺农业等工作,将多年的土地开发整理和复垦工作推到了一个新的高度,同时该项工作在开展过程中也存在一些不容忽视的问题。该文以青州市农村土地整治开展情况为例,进行了一些有益探索与思考。     

海拔梯度及典型土地利用类型对北热带山地土壤有机质和综合肥力的影响

为深入了解北热带海拔梯度各山地土壤带及典型土地利用类型（次生林、香蕉园、橡胶林）土壤有机质（SOM）、综合肥力（SIF）分布特征,以云南省金平县蝴蝶谷地区为例,区分表层（0～20 cm）和亚表层（20～40 cm）,测定SOM、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾和速效氮磷钾,采用修正内梅罗指数法评价SIF,分析限制SIF的关键因素。结果表明,研究区海拔与SOM、SIF呈显著正相关,6个山地土壤带表层和亚表层SOM、SIF排序为棕壤带>黄棕壤带>黄壤带>红壤带>赤红壤带>砖红壤带（P<0.05）。无论表层还是亚表层,SOM和SIF均以次生林最大,香蕉园次之,橡胶林最小,次生林SOM显著大于香蕉园和橡胶林（P<0.05）,SIF则无显著差异。随着海拔升高,限制SIF的因素由速效氮、速效磷转变为速效磷和速效钾,且pH的限制逐渐加强,而维持和限制低海拔不同土地利用类型SIF的因素与同海拔段内自然土壤基本一致。未来山地开发利用过程中低海拔区域应该注重补充氮肥和磷肥,中高海拔区域注重补充磷肥和钾肥,同时调节适宜的pH更有助于土壤养分释放和植物吸收利用。综上,海拔梯度和...     

泰安市城区旧县水源地岩溶塌陷演化过程分析

通过综合分析项目前期开展的塌陷群现场调查、物探、钻探、地下水动态长期监测等多项工作所获取的珍贵资料,将泰安市区划分为三个岩溶塌陷集中区,分别讨论了岩溶塌陷的发育条件、分布特征及成因演化过程,最后有针对性地提出了岩溶塌陷防治对策。研究结果表明,区内岩溶塌陷多发生于以下区域:(1)埋藏型岩溶区,地层岩性主要为奥陶纪-寒武纪灰岩、白云岩;(2)断裂及其影响带;(3)上覆土层厚度小于20 m,多层结构,即上部黏性土、中部砂类、下部黏性土区域;(4)岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内。研究区岩溶塌陷是各种不良因素共同作用的产物,其中最重要的诱发动力条件为水动力条件,结合各类水文、地质、灾害资料,绘制岩溶塌陷与地层、降水、开采及岩溶水位关系图,可清晰地反映出在岩溶发育地区随着岩溶水开采量增大,岩溶水位随之降低,当岩溶水位低于基岩面后,岩溶塌陷开始发生,并且随着水位的降低及波动幅度的增大,塌陷次数明显增多的演化过程。      

地球化学工程技术修复江西某Pb超标耕地的应用

为了判别地球化学材料在土壤改良与重金属修复中的作用,本研究以江西龙南某地被稀土采矿废水污染而废弃的农耕地为对象,用黏土矿物等材料组成的三种修复方案对249 km2的废弃地进行修复。一周期后,比较修复前后土壤中重金属生物易迁移态的变化来评价该技术的有效性。结果表明,该地Pb超标程度最重,达101.50 mg·kg-1。Cd、Hg、As次之,分别为0.13 mg·kg-1、0.13 mg·kg-1、2.98 mg·kg-1,均超赣州市土壤背景值含量,超龙南地区土壤Pb的均值,修复目标为Pb。该地土壤中Pb的易迁移态含量与总量不显著相关。经地球化学工程技术修复后,Pb易迁移态降低了3.25%,修复效果明显。一周期后,Pb的易迁移态平均降幅为1.40%,修复效果稳定。修复效果最佳的方案C能使Pb降低幅度达到3.38 mg·kg-1,在经济上体现为最廉价,体现了地球化学工程技术的优势。     

Organic matter source and thermal maturity within the Late Cretaceous Niobrara Formation,U.S. Western Interior

The Late Cretaceous sedimentary record of the North American Western Interior Seaway is characterized by cyclic deposition of organic carbon-rich sediments. One notable interval during the late Coniacian-Santonian is recorded by the Niobrara Formation. The organic carbon-rich interval within the Niobrara Formation has been identified as Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 3. Understanding the reason for this distribution of organic carbon within the Niobrara Formation requires a refined understanding of the source and maturity of the organic matter. In this study, we present lipid biomarker records from the USGS Portland #1 core (Cañon City, CO) to constrain the thermal maturity of the organic matter and the differing contributions of organic matter sources. Sterane and hopane thermal maturity indices indicate that the samples are somewhat immature with respect to oil formation and that there is strong agreement between different proxies for thermal maturity. Based on the distribution of n-alkanes, steranes, and hopanes, there is a significant increase in the contribution of algal organic matter during and after OAE 3, coeval with increased organic carbon accumulation. Although a consistent terrestrial contribution is observed, it is only a minor source of organic matter at the Portland core location and does not drive increased organic matter accumulation during OAE 3. Of particular note is the consistent influence of even-over-odd predominantly mid-chain length (C₂₁ to C₂₅) organic matter. This observation within the brackish to marine, not methanogenic WIS represents an expansion of the depositional settings in which even-over-odd predominance has been observed in mid-chain length n-alkanes. Pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph) abundances are inconsistent with a redox control on Pr/Ph ratios and suggest an increase in the delivery and/or preservation of phototrophic organic matter as the source for pristane and phytane in the Portland core.     

Organic material accumulation of Carnian mudstones in the North Qiangtang Depression,eastern Tethys: Controlled by the paleoclimate,paleoenvironment, and provenance

The Late Triassic mudstones are considered to be the most significant hydrocarbon source rocks (TOC: 0.54%–3.29%) in the North Qiangtang Depression, eastern Tethys. Here, we present geochemical data from the Woruo Mountain Carnian mudstones, in order to investigate their paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and provenance and to analyze the mechanism of organic material accumulation. The paleoclimate condition was warm and humid during the Carnian mudstones deposition, as indicated by moderate chemical index of alteration (CIA; 73–76), which may be connected with the Late Triassic Carnian stage global climate event in the Tethys. The low U/Th (0.17–0.25) and C_org/P_tot (7–33) ratio values and moderate manganese contents, reflect the oxidizing conditions during the Carnian mudstones deposition. The relatively high primary productivity in this study is supported by the relatively high P concentrations. The Al₂O₃–(CaO* + Na₂O)–K₂O ternary plot and Th/Sc–Zr/Sc crossplot reflect that the source areas have undergone a medium chemical weathering with weak sedimentary recycling. The TiO₂–Zr, Co/Th–La/Sc, La/Th–Hf, and La/Yb–∑REE bivariate diagrams indicate that the provenance of Carnian mudstones was primarily from felsic igneous rocks. The collision setting has been identified based on the multi-major elements discriminate plots in the present study. The Riwanchaka and Mayigangri masses to the southwest and south of the study area consisting mainly of Middle-Triassic granodiorite and Late-Triassic granite are likely responsible for supplying provenance to the Woruo Mountain Carnian mudstones, which have similar REE patterns. The relatively high TOC contents of Carnian mudstones are related to high paleoproductivity and fast sedimentation rates, which will lead to preservation of some organic matter even when bottom waters are completely oxidizing. The detrital input during the Carnian mudstones deposition would result in dilution of organic matter.     

An enhanced understanding of the Basinal Bowland shale in Lancashire (UK), through microtextural and mineralogical observations

Variability in the Lower Bowland shale microstructure is investigated here, for the first time, from the centimetre to the micrometre scale using optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM, SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Total Organic Carbon content (TOC) measurements. A significant range of microtextures, organic-matter particles and fracture styles was observed in rocks of the Lower Bowland shale, together with the underlying Pendleside Limestone and Worston Shale formations encountered the Preese Hall-1 Borehole, Lancashire, UK. Four micro-texture types were identified: unlaminated quartz-rich mudstone; interlaminated quartz- and pyrite-rich mudstone; laminated quartz and pyrite-rich mudstone; and weakly-interlaminated calcite-rich mudstone. Organic matter particles are classified into four types depending on their size, shape and location: multi-micrometre particles with and without macropores: micrometre-size particles in cement and between clay minerals; multi-micrometre layers; and organic matter in large pores. Fractures are categorized into carbonate-sealed fractures; bitumen-bearing fractures; resin-filled fractures; and empty fractures. We propose that during thermal maturation, horizontal bitumen-fractures were formed by overpressuring, stress relaxation, compaction and erosional offloading, whereas vertical bitumen-bearing, resin-filled and empty fractures may have been influenced by weak vertical joints generated during the previous period of veining. For the majority of samples, the high TOC (>2 wt%), low clay content (<20 wt%), high proportion of quartz (>50 wt%) and the presence of a multi-scale fracture network support the increasing interest in the Bowland Shale as a potentially exploitable oil and gas source. The microtextural observations made in this study highlight preliminary evidence of fluid passage or circulation in the Bowland Shale sequence during burial.     

广西永福某石灰岩矿山地质环境问题及恢复治理探讨

桂林是广西石灰岩矿的主要产地之一,开采石灰岩的矿山达250个。桂林地区石灰岩矿山的地质环境问题基本类似,发育的地质灾害主要有崩塌、滑坡、岩溶地面塌陷。该文以广西永福某石灰岩矿山为例,在收集矿山地质资料的基础上,通过详细的野外调查,发现该矿山地质环境问题主要为采场的高陡岩质边坡,基岩裸露,破坏和影响了地貌景观,容易引发岩质崩塌灾害;矿山功能区和废渣、表土的堆放占用和破坏了土地资源,可能引发小型的滑坡;灰岩石料加工等人类工程活动致使粉尘污染和噪音污染较为严重,对附近居民的生活环境造成了影响。针对矿山的地质环境问题划分了恢复治理分区,提出了相应的工程措施,恢复治理工程的实施可从根本上改变矿山采场的地貌景观,恢复破坏和压占的土地资源,消除地质灾害隐患,创造绿色矿山,为桂林地区石灰岩矿山的地质环境问题恢复治理提供参考。     

苦海沉积物有机质反映的过去840年来青藏高原东部环境变化

青藏高原对全球气候变暖响应敏感,研究青藏高原近千年来环境演化过程、规律与驱动机制对预测其未来气候可能发生的变化有重要参照意义。通过位于青藏高原东部的苦海沉积物总有机质相关指标[总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总有机碳与总氮比值(TOC/TN)和总有机碳同位素(δ¹³C_org)]的研究重建了该区域过去840年来的环境演化过程。研究结果表明,苦海沉积物中的有机质主要来自于湖泊内源水生植物。由于暖期(冷期)时黄河上游径流量较高(低),苦海水位随之升高(降低),湖泊水动力增强(减弱),浅水区沉水植物对研究岩芯中有机质的贡献率提高(降低),导致沉积物TOC、TN、TOC/TN升高,δ¹³C_org值正(负)偏。人类活动导致的青藏高原近50年气候异常变暖可能是～1950 AD之后δ¹³C_org反映的黄河上游径流量变化与重建的中国温度记录之间的关系发生转变的原因。苦海沉积物δ¹³C_org记录与万象洞石笋δ¹⁸