摩擦材料中微量石棉的检测方法研究

研究了自行车、电动车车闸等摩擦材料中质量分数为5．0％～0．1％石棉的光学显微镜定性分析与X射线衍射定量分析方法。根据光学显微镜下矿物光性的判断结合X射线衍射进行定性分析,确定有无石棉。对判定为有石棉的样品通过X射线衍射基底吸收修正法,测出试样中的石棉含量,计算出石棉的质量分数。研究成果解决了微量（质量分数低至0．1％）石棉的定量分析难题,对支持我国自行车、电动车等产品的出口具有现实的意义。     

The Determination of Total Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulfur in Silicates, Silicate Rocks, Soils and Sediments

Determinations of the volatile elements carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and nitrogen in many geological RM, performed with the LECO CHN and SC analysers, are presented. The method allowed the determination of S in concentrations from a few % m/m to 0.001% m/m or less, of C from % m/m to 0.01% m/m and of H from % m/m to 0.004% m/m. Accuracy was usually better than the XRF method (for S). All obtained values passed the Sutarno-Steger test, which establishes that |(mean_analysed - mean_certified)|/ S_certified < 2, for the cases with an appropriate number of determinations (n > 10 for each element). It was possible to perform routine determination of C, H and S with the instrumentation, coupled with the determination of major and minor elements in geological materials. Determination of nitrogen could also be performed on an exploratory basis, with improvements in the method dependent on the future availability of more reference materials with reliable composition of this element.     

Rockfill Strength Evaluation Using Cascade Correlation Networks

Performing comprehensive laboratory test programs to estimate rockfill strength for rockfill dam projects is a lengthy and onerous task because of the large sample-size. Accordingly, it has become a common practice to carry out limited experimental investigation, and extrapolate the results to the expected conditions in actual embankments. A number of investigators have established a function of the type τ = ασ^β, where τ and σ are the shear and normal stresses, respectively, and the constants α and β, which result from a fitting procedure, have no physical meaning. Results of laboratory tests on a variety of rockfills have shown that in addition to effective confining stresses the relative density, uniformity coefficient, maximum particle size and particle-breaking load influence rockfill strength. Thus these parameters must be included in any function for computing rockfill strength. Other parameters, whose influence is understood partially, are not included here. Given the non linear-multidimensional nature of the problem, in this paper a neuronal procedure is developed. This approach takes into account the influence of each of the parameters mentioned before. The network used in this article was defined after comparing the results obtained with a variety of algorithms. After several attempts, the Cascade Correlation Network (CCN) was found to yield most accurate strength predictions.     

月壤钛铁矿微波烧结制备月球基地结构材料的初步设想

月球基地建设是当前"重返月球"的一个重要目标,为满足其建设需要大量结构材料.部分学者通过对真实月壤样品和模拟月壤进行各种高温烧结实验,分析了就地利用月壤矿物资源制备各种材料的方法.但由于月壤成分较为复杂,烧结产物的性能还很难满足实际需求.微波烧结技术作为一项新技术,具有传统烧结技术无法比拟的优势,更适合作为月球资源利用中的烧结加热技术.结合月壤中钛铁矿的含量,通过热力学分析,作者认为利用钛铁矿进行微波烧结实验来制备月球基地所需结构材料是一个值得深入研究的方案.     

青海东昆仑、祁曼塔格地区金刚石钻头的研究

针对青海省东昆仑、祁曼塔格地区的典型硬岩强研磨性地层情况,对孕镶金刚石钻头胎体材料、金刚石浓度、烧结工艺等方面进行分析研究,并对钻头进行了台架、野外试验。根据各项理论分析结合实验数据,确定了钻头的设计方案,研发出了适用于该地区硬岩强研磨地层钻进的孕镶金刚石钻头。     

云南省香格里拉县甭哥碱性杂岩体岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

云南省香格里拉地区发育一套以甭哥碱性杂岩体为代表的富碱高钾岩浆岩。该岩体SiO_2变化范围较宽,高FeO~T和碱质,低Al_2O_3、MgO和CaO;富集LILE和LREE,相对亏损HFSE并显著亏损Cr、Co、Ni等过渡族元素,同时还具有从弱负异常至强正异常的δEu及δCe,表现出埃达克质与岛弧型火山岩双重特征。岩石地球化学研究表明,甭哥岩体并非单一岩浆经简单结晶分异而来,其岩浆来源具有多样性与多期性,它们主要代表了晚三叠印支期俯冲洋片和地幔楔与下地壳部分熔融及新生代含金云母相的交代富集地幔低程度部分熔融的岩浆作用。其形成和演化大致经历了晚印支期初始岩浆形成和燕山期后续岩浆逐步叠加及新生代喜山期岩浆侵位三个阶段,在整个岩浆作用过程中,伴随有地幔流体交代作用及由此引发的壳幔物质混染现象。而与甭哥碱性杂岩体有关的金成矿作用主要受制于该区多阶段岩浆与含矿地幔流体的相互作用及地幔流体交代叠加混染作用,其金成矿的富矿体可能定位于深部,据此提出甭哥碱性杂岩体具有深部成矿的勘探开发远景。     

叶蜡石化蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质:以山西五台地区白云叶蜡石矿为例

热液蚀变过程中的元素活动性与流体性质对深入理解矿物稳定性和成矿作用具有重要的意义。本文以华北克拉通中北部山西五台地区的白云叶蜡石矿为例,研究了蚀变过程中元素迁移特征和流体性质。该矿体围岩以绿片岩相酸性火山岩为主,岩性为绢云钠长石英片岩并夹有少量的绿泥钠长片岩。矿区内蚀变分带明显,可分为早期的黄铁绢英岩化(绢云母-石英-黄铁矿)和晚期叠加的叶蜡石化(叶蜡石-伊利石-高岭石-石英),而金矿化则主要发育于黄铁绢英岩化带内。Log fo2-pH相图模拟结果显示,早期黄铁绢云岩化蚀变热液具有弱酸性至偏中性(pH=5.24~5.87)和较低氧逸度(位于黄铁矿+黄铜矿稳定相区内)特征;而引起叶蜡石化蚀变的热液具有强酸性(pH=2.07~2.20)和高氧逸度(位于HM缓冲线以上)特征。质量平衡迁移分析结果显示,随着叶蜡石化蚀变作用的增强,叶蜡石矿石中的Al2O3行为较稳定,SiO2、Na2O和K2O含量相对于围岩绢云钠长石英片岩呈不同程度的迁入,而其余氧化物大量活化迁出。微量元素Nb、Ta、Th、U、Rb和Ga含量相对升高,Th/U比值略有升高;Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf明显亏损,Zr/Hf比值从34~41下降到17~22。稀土元素均发生一定程度的活化迁移,且轻稀土迁出程度更高。Y/Ho比值(28~32)高于球粒陨石的Y/Ho(26~28),表明Y-Ho在叶蜡石化蚀变过程中表现出不同的地球化学行为。Eu负异常明显增大,这可能与长石的分解关系密切。围岩绢云钠长石英片岩中金属元素含量较高且Au与As含量之间呈明显正相关性,但在叶蜡石矿石中大部分金属元素含量均低于检出限,说明金属元素在叶蜡石化蚀变作用过程中发生了强烈的活化迁移,这与岩相学上叶蜡石矿石中可见港湾状细粒赤铁矿而缺乏黄铁矿的特征吻合。本文研究结果表明叶蜡石化过程中,大量的所谓不活动元素(如P、Ti、Zr、Hf、Y和Ho等)发生了显著迁移并导致Zr/Hf和Y/Ho比值的解耦,并伴随着大量金属元素的迁出,说明叶蜡石化不利于金矿化的形成。     

Mass Fractions of Forty‐Six Major and Trace Elements,Including Rare Earth Elements,in Sediment and Soil Reference Materials Used in Environmental Studies

Development of new techniques, enabling simultaneous determination of large numbers of elements in environmental samples, can force analysts to use certified reference materials that do not contain all the elements of interest. In this paper, the mass fractions of forty‐six major and trace elements, including rare earth elements (REE), are presented in one soil (NCS DC 77302 also known as GBW 07410) and five sediment (Metranal‐1, IAEA 405, MESS‐3, NCS DC 73309 also known as GBW 07311 and NCS DC 75301 also known as GBW 07314) certified reference materials determined by high resolution inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. The selected certified materials represent a spectrum of geological matrices often analysed in environmental studies. Measured elements include certified elements, elements listed with information values as well as new elements absent from certificates, including REEs and some other elements. REE + Y mass fractions in the river sediment reference material Metranal‐1 are reported for the first time. The results obtained are in agreement with available certified or information values.     

小秦岭镰子沟金矿床地质特征、黄铁矿原位硫同位素组成及成因意义

镰子沟金矿床位于华北陆块南缘小秦岭金矿矿集区西部,矿体赋存于太华群上部岩层内,受断裂构造和石英脉控制,带状钾长石化是矿床典型的围岩蚀变,矿物组合为石英-黄铁矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿±重晶石±磁铁矿。为了探讨成矿物质来源及矿床成因,采用LA-MC-ICP-MS技术对镰子沟金矿床黄铁矿进行原位微区硫同位素分析,获得单颗粒黄铁矿的硫同位素变化范围为-15.27‰~-11.98‰,平均-13.35‰,小于共生重晶石硫同位素值9.8‰~12.4‰。根据硫化物与共生硫酸盐矿物,估算成矿热源总硫值为-3.6‰,与新太古界太华群和燕山期华山花岗岩均不同。综合矿化蚀变、地球化学及同位素组成,认为太华群对金矿床成矿物质来源的影响较华山花岗岩明显,但非主要来源,金矿床成矿与深部流体或隐伏岩体有关,矿床受深部流体和构造控制,深部仍有寻找构造蚀变型或微细浸染型金矿体的潜力,但规模有限。     

国际同位素参考物质的定值和原子量标定

同位素参考物质是同位素地质测量的“砝码”。其同位素组成是同位素测量的基本参数。国际同位素参考物质的建立与定值已有五十多年的历史,其中经历了许多成功与曲折。在20世纪80年代后,国际同位素参考物质的建立与定值进入了健康发展的新时期。在国际原子能机构等国际组织的组织和指导下,许多研究人员积极参与,逐步建立了一批应用广泛的同位素参考物质。采用实验室对比测量和同位素绝对比值测量等方法对这些物质的同位素组成进行了准确定值。这些成果对统一同位素测量的基准和尺度,保证同位素测试数据在国际范围内的可比性起到了巨大的推动作用。同时,对元素原子量标定,乃至阿伏伽德罗常数等基本常数的标定也起了重要作用。